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CJ- CH.5
Criminal Justice Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| law enforcement has been used synonymously with _________ | policing |
| policing is one aspect of ______ ___________ | law enforcement |
| defining policing | law enforcement; ex. police direct traffic, deal with neighborhood disturbance & fill out paper work; police officers are people to whom society has granted the power to use physical force when they deem necessary or appropriate |
| vigilantism | use of volunteer, self-appointed committees organized to suppress crime & punish criminals |
| 1700s-1900s | vigilantism; organized groups of more than or equal to participants who were the elites of the community |
| vigilantism use to be local _____________ | residents |
| examples of vigilantism | wild west sheriff & people who got their friends together and punished their enemies |
| vilgilantism enforces _______ not _______ | norms; laws |
| slave patrols | capturing fugities; originally to keep slaves from running away; kept whites on top; 1st publically funded city police departments; slavery was legally protected |
| The English Model | prevented crime; frank pledge; watch system; preventive patrol |
| frank pledge | peace keeping system in early England where a group of 10 local families agreed to maintain the peace & make sure law breakers were taken into custody & brought to court |
| watch system | system where particular men were assigned the job of watchman & became responsible for patrolling the streets, lighting lanterns, serving as a lookout for fires, and generally keeping order; replaced frankpledge |
| preventive patrol | officers maintaining a visible presence in communities to serve as a deterrant to a variety of street-level crimes |
| NYC police 1800 vs. England police | NYC: only people they knew trusted them, much diversity; England: public trust them, little ethnic diversity |
| political era | patronage-based policing; local political bosses selected members of their party to be police officials as a reward for party loyalty; based on who not what they knew; use of common force "street justice" (punishing suspect on the spot) |
| what police era was from 1840's - 1920s | political era |
| what did the political era begin with | the creation of organized police departments in USA's major cities |
| political era had police officer's receive ___________ training | little or no |
| role of police in political era | to control undesireable immigrants, maintain order, & provide a variety of social services |
| when was the professional era | 1920's - 1970s |
| professional era | the police as law enforcers |
| many reforms in professional era | hire based on knowledge not politics; training became more systematic |
| hire of minority officers ___________ during the professional era because they were less likely to have education needed | decreased |
| crime ________ during the professional era | increased |
| during professional era many citizens disliked police | because of how they were handling anti-Vietnam protests |
| 911 system was developed during the | professional era |
| technology changes in professional era | police cars began; UCR becan; phones became more accessable |
| when did August Vollmer live? | 1876-1955 |
| August Vollmer | professional era; 1st police chief of Berkeley, CA; believed in science & hiring knowledgeable people; began to link certain crimes together |
| community policing era | working for-and with-the public; emphasizes crime prevention; engage residents in policing to help prevent crimes; community policing; relationship between police & society changed (supposed to have + relationships) |
| community policing | philosophy of policing that emphasizes crime prevention and focuses on developing positive relations between the police and the public |
| community policing era demanded ________ time from officers | more; time to establish positive relationships |
| proactive policing | prevent crime, don't react to it; community policing era |
| when was the community policing era | 1970's-present |
| when was slave patrols used | 1740s - 1840s |
| when was the English Model used | 1700-1800 |
| what's the difference between vagilantism and slave patrols? | vagilantism-residents organized to punish people deemed out laws; slave patrols-residents organized to enforce laws meant to control slaves |
| what's the difference between English model and political era? | English-local patrol force had limited authority & quasimilitary organizational structure.police departments in US cities developed similarily; political-police get jobs because of political affiliation& enforced the priorities of the political party |
| what's the difference between the professional and community policing eras? | professional-focus was on enforcing the law, hiring qualified officers, using technology, & improving police training; community-focus on crime prevention with the assistance of improved relations with community members |
| sworn personnel | "peace officers"; police department employees entrusted with arrest powers |
| non sworn personnel | civilians |
| 2 categories of local law enforcement agencies | sheriffs' offices; police departments |
| which local law enforcement agency typically polices counties where no city provides law enforcement services | sheriffs' office |
| which local law enforcement agency responds to violations of criminal statues (defined by state-level penal codes) & violations of city or county ordinances | sheriffs' offices |
| which local law enforcement agency provides jail facilities for both accused & convicted persons | sheriffs' offices |
| which local law enforcement agency provides transportation services for all incarcerated persons within counties | sheriffs' offices |
| which local law enforcement agency serves summonses & subpoenas, provide court security, serve eviction notices, & enforce child support laws | sheriffs' offices |
| which local law enforcement agency has a higher number of people than the other local law enforcement agency | police departments (4:1 ratio) |
| which local law enforcement agency operates in usually rural areas | police departments |
| which local law enforcement agency performs most law enforcement duties | police departments |
| which local law enforcement agency responds to violations of state penal codes & local ordinances | police departments & sheriffs' offices |
| which local law enforcement agency generally provides only temporary housing of arrested persons & arrested persons remain in custody only until their initial appearence in court | police departments |
| summons | direct persons accused of crimes to appear in court |
| subpoena | direct individuals to appear in court to present evidence |
| state law enforcement agencies | greatly vary; roles & missions are defined by state law; 1/2 of state agencies have crime lab services open to local police departments |
| examples of state law enforcement agencies | motor vehicle law violation investigation, lottery, oversight, alcoholic beverage control, & narcotics enforcement |
| state law enforcement agencies make up _____ % of the law enforcement community | 8 |
| federal law enforcement agencies | deal with violations of federal statues |
| examples of federal law enforcement agencies | FBI, DEA, Secret Services |
| Department of Justice (DOJ) | chief law enforcement department; headed by attorney general in president's cabinet; provides federal leadership in preventing & controlling crime; ensureing public safety against foreign & domestic threats |
| what makes up the DOJ | FBI, DEA, ATF, & US Marshals Services |
| what is the mission of the FBI | to protect & defend the USA against terrorism & foreign intelligence threats & to uphold/enforce the nation's criminal laws (ex. finger print identification) |
| What does the DEA do? | enforce USA's laws & regulation on substances; investigates & prepares for the prosecution of those charged with violating controlled substance laws at interstate & international levels |
| what does the ATF do? | enforces federal laws, regulates the fire arms & explosives industries, & investigates & reduces crimes involving firearms, explosives, acts of arson, & illegal trafficking of alcohol & tobacco |
| US Marshals Service | oldest federal law enforcement agency; backbone; apprehend federal fugitives, protect the federal judiciary, operate the witness security program, transport federal prisoners, and seize property acquired by criminals through illegal activities |
| definition of the problem of fragmentation | lack of coordination among law enforcement agencies in the same geographical region due to the existence of many small departments; ex. one agency may have info to help the another but the info isn't shared |
| requirements for recruitment | must have good oral and written communication skills; must be physically and psychologically fit, free of convictions of criminal history, and have a solid employment history |
| demand for officers is always | increasing |
| because of the perception of police officers in our community recruiting is becoming | harder |
| methods of recruitment | newspaper, career fairs, internet, college internships, and career exploration groups |
| which group is hit hardest in police recruitment | grad students |
| selection process includes | mental & physical tests; background checks; good moral character checks; solid work effort checks |
| siege mentality | police view of themselves as a "band of brothers" or "sisters"-against everyone else in society |
| service-oriented police department | balances enforcement activities and basic police work with sensitivity to community needs and believes trust with the community is important |
| what is the most common police officer (physical description) | white male |
| demographics of candidates | work ton increase minorities; some places think women lack physical strength necessary for police work |
| do males or females tend to have less lawsuits brought about by using inappropriate force | females |
| in minority areas | blacks & Latinos are morel likely to be hired |
| training facilities today | states train recruits academically and physically; more more standardized than it used to be |
| training curricula | supervised field training; professional training must be completed every few years to refresh skills; adult learning; stimulation-based training |
| adult learning | rapidly replacing traditional lecture format; method of learning that emphasizes engaging the learner's experiences in the curriculum |
| simulation-based training | use of computers, media players, interactive screens, and authentic looking replicas of police firearms and vehicles to simulate field conditions |
| training in legal issues | designed to help officers perform well; helps shield officers & employers from lawsuits; standardized training establishes common practices |
| w types of police subculture | police occupational and police organizational |
| police occupational subculture | norms and beliefs embraced by most officers in a given country; influenced by perception of danger etc |
| police organizational subculture | norms and beliefs particular to an individual department; ex. one department values this another values that |
| blue code of silence | adherence to a code of conduct that places loyalty to fellow officers above all other values |
| officers expect but rarely receive... | respect |
| largest police tool is | communication |
| us vs. them mentality | police vs. citizens; citizens lie to officers; officers know they're lied to; isolates police |
| pressure put on police | everyone is watching them |
| police are evaluated based on _______________ not _____________ | action not daily police work (and the officers begin to believe that's the most important part of their job) |
| discretion | authority to act in a manner that officers judge most appropriate for a given situation; there are too many laws to be enforced so officers make their best judgement |
| positives of police discretion | allows officers to act in the most just manner in a given situation; allows officers to decide where to focus their energy; increased justice |
| negatives of police discretion | temtation to abuse power; allows room for racism; allows some people who deserve punishment to avoid it |
| influences on the use of discretion | seriousness of crime; circumstance; gender; age; intoxiaction; race; location; victim/perpertraitor relationship |
| racial profiling | police contact with an individual initiated because of the person's skin color or ethnicity |
| victims and the use of discretion | the greatest influence on the decision to arrest is the victim's or complinant's preference for arrest |
| victim and perpertraitor relationship | usually victims need more protection if they know their attacker |
| abuse of authority __________ their relationship with the community | damages |
| miseuse of authority | police disregard for policies, rules, or laws in the performance of their duty |
| noble cause | justification for wrongdoing committed by an officer based on the premise that the end justifies the means |
| officers who misuse authority may face _________________ prosecutions for violations of state and federal laws | criminal |
| excessive force and false arrests can cause police officers to | face charges (it's an abuse of power) |
| corruption | misuse of authority for personal gain, such as skimming seized narcotics monies; motives aren't always monitary |
| 2 schools of thought why corruption happens | organizational explanations for police corruption; individual explanations for police corruption |
| organizational explanations for police corruption | police subculture and "code of silence" to blame; afraid of being a rat or left behind in a dangerous situation |
| individual explanations for police corruption | personality; lack of empathy; stress; difficulty following rules |
| integrity | adherence to moral principles and professional standards; opposite of abuse |
| management's leading role | responsible for reducing vulnerability in the police force; punishes abuse; must demonstrate integrity |
| early warning systems | data driven programs that idenfity police whose behavior suggests misconduct; automatically records officers roles in situations; helps find patterns |
| targeted integrity testing | strategy of using controlled opportunities to test for unlawful or unethnical behavior ; test unlawful behavior; officers are monitored to see if they take the bait |
| formal mechanisms for detecting and investigating misconduct | internal affairs units handle and report misconduct; report and discuss misconduct complaints; must have speedy and fair resolution of complaints |
| privatization | the transfer of government programs and functions to the private sector |
| private security | any individual, organization, or service-other than public law enforcement and regulatory agencies-engaged primarily in the prevention and investigation of crime, loss, or harm to specific individuals, organizations, or facilities |
| growth of private security | 2x the amount of private security officers in USA vs. public law enforcement officers; also instal security alarms; private security companies often augment the workforce employed by the TSA |
| quality concerns of private security | originally poor discipline and no license necessary; lots of abuse originally; lots more training enhancements now |
| private security/law enforcement cooperation | some economic crimes are beyond the jurisdiction of local police; high-tech crimes are hard to investigate; private companies are afraid of $ loss and so pair up with private police officers |
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