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Chapter 8 Motivation

PSY

QuestionAnswer
Motivation The factors that direct energize the behavior of humans and other organisms
Instincts Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned.
Drive-reduction approaches to motivation Theories suggesting that a lack of basic biological rquirment such as water produces a drive to obtain that requirment (in this case, the thirst drive)
Drive Motivaional tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.
Arousal apppraches to motivation The belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary.
Incentive approaches to motivation Theories suggestiong that motivation stems from te desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives.
Cognitive approaches to motivation Theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts and expectations- their cognitions
Self-actualization A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in his or her own unique way.
Obesity Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of particular height
Weight Set Point The particulat level of weight that the body strives to maintain
Metabolism The rate at which food is converted to energy and expanded by the body.
Anorexia Nervosa A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance-which can become skeleton-like - are unusual.
Bulimia A disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means.
Androgens Male sex hormones secreted by the testes.
Estrogen Class of female sex hormones
Progesterone A female sex hormone secreted by the ovaries
Ovulation The point at which an egg is released from the ovaries.
Masturbation Sexual self-stimulation
Heterosexuality Sexual attraction and behavior directed to the other sex.
Double standard The view that premarital sex is permissible for males but not for females.
Extramarital sex Sexual activity between a married person and someone who is not his or her spouse.
Homosexuals Persons who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex
Bisexuals Persons who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex and the other sex
Transexuals Persons who believe they were born with the body of the other gender
Need for achievement A stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by starving for and attaining a level of excellence
Need for affiliation An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people
Need for power A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual
Emotions Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior
James-Lange theory of emotion The idea that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation (i feel sad because I am crying).
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion The view that both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulation
Scharchter-Singer theory of emotion THe idea that emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues.
Facial-affect program Activation of a set of nerve inpulses that make the face display the appropriate expression
Facial-feedback hypothesis The hypothesis that facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience but also help determine how people exerience and lable emotions
Created by: 50611802
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