Chapter 8 Motivation Word Scramble
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| Question | Answer |
| Motivation | The factors that direct energize the behavior of humans and other organisms |
| Instincts | Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned. |
| Drive-reduction approaches to motivation | Theories suggesting that a lack of basic biological rquirment such as water produces a drive to obtain that requirment (in this case, the thirst drive) |
| Drive | Motivaional tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need. |
| Arousal apppraches to motivation | The belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary. |
| Incentive approaches to motivation | Theories suggestiong that motivation stems from te desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives. |
| Cognitive approaches to motivation | Theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts and expectations- their cognitions |
| Self-actualization | A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in his or her own unique way. |
| Obesity | Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of particular height |
| Weight Set Point | The particulat level of weight that the body strives to maintain |
| Metabolism | The rate at which food is converted to energy and expanded by the body. |
| Anorexia Nervosa | A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance-which can become skeleton-like - are unusual. |
| Bulimia | A disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means. |
| Androgens | Male sex hormones secreted by the testes. |
| Estrogen | Class of female sex hormones |
| Progesterone | A female sex hormone secreted by the ovaries |
| Ovulation | The point at which an egg is released from the ovaries. |
| Masturbation | Sexual self-stimulation |
| Heterosexuality | Sexual attraction and behavior directed to the other sex. |
| Double standard | The view that premarital sex is permissible for males but not for females. |
| Extramarital sex | Sexual activity between a married person and someone who is not his or her spouse. |
| Homosexuals | Persons who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex |
| Bisexuals | Persons who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex and the other sex |
| Transexuals | Persons who believe they were born with the body of the other gender |
| Need for achievement | A stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by starving for and attaining a level of excellence |
| Need for affiliation | An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people |
| Need for power | A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual |
| Emotions | Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior |
| James-Lange theory of emotion | The idea that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation (i feel sad because I am crying). |
| Cannon-Bard theory of emotion | The view that both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulation |
| Scharchter-Singer theory of emotion | THe idea that emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues. |
| Facial-affect program | Activation of a set of nerve inpulses that make the face display the appropriate expression |
| Facial-feedback hypothesis | The hypothesis that facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience but also help determine how people exerience and lable emotions |
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