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Cardio PP Clues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What organs have resistance in series? | Kidney & Liver |
| What organs have resistance in parallel? | All except kidney & liver |
| What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference at rest? | Heart |
| What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after exercise? | Muscle |
| What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference after a meal? | GI |
| What organ has the highest A-V O2 difference during an exam? | Brain |
| What organ has the Lowest A-V O2 difference at all times? | Kidney |
| Where does Type A thoracic aortic dissection occur? | Ascending Aorta (cystic medial necrosis, syphilis) |
| Where does Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur? | Descending Aorta (trauma, athersclerosis) |
| What layers does a True aortic aneurysm involve? | Intima, media, adventitia |
| What layers does a Pseudo aortic aneurysm involve? | Intima, media |
| What is pulse pressure? | Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure |
| What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle? | Aorta |
| What vessels have the most smooth muscle? | Arterioles |
| What vessels have the largest cross sectional area? | Capillaries |
| What vessel has the highest compliance? | Aorta |
| What vessels have the highest capacitance? | Veins & venules |
| What is your max heart rate? | 220 - age |
| What is stable angina? | Pain on exertion (atherosclerosis) |
| What is unstable angina? | Pain at REST (transient clots), or FIRST event of pain on exertion |
| What is Prinzmetal angina? | Intermittent pain (coronary artery spasm) |
| What stain is used to see amyloidosis? | Congo Red (apple green birefringence) |
| What is Hemochromatosis? | Fe deposition in organs --> hyperpigmentation, arthritis, diabetes mellitus |
| What is cardiac tamponade? | Pressure equalizes in all 4 chambers - quiet precordium, no pulse or BP, Kussmaul's sign, pulsus paradoxus |
| Kussmaul's sign | Rise in JVP (jugular venous pressure) on Inspiration |
| Pulses paradoxus | Drop in Systolic pressure > 10mmHg on Inspiration |
| What is a Transudate? | Effusion of mostly water |
| What is an Exodate? | Effusion of mostly protein |
| What is systole? | ventricles contract, decreased blood flow to coronary arteries, Increased O2 extraction |
| What is diastole? | ventricles relax & fill, Increased blood flow to coronary arteries, decreased O2 extraction |
| What are the only arteries w/ deoxygenated blood? | Pulmonary & Umbilical arteries |
| What murmur has a waterhammer pulse? | Aortic Regurg |
| What murmur has pulsus tardus? | Aortic Stenosis |
| What cardiomyopathy has pulsus alternans? | Dilated cardiomyopathy |
| What disease has pulsus bigeminus? | Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) |
| What murmur has an irregularly irregular pulse? | Atrial Fibrillation |
| What murmur radiates to the carotids? | Aortic Stenosis, Aortic Regurg |
| What murmur radiates to the axilla? | Mitral Regurg |
| What murmur radiates to the back? | Pulmonary Stenosis |
| What disease has a boot shaped x-ray? | Right ventricular hypertrophy |
| What disease has a banana-shaped x-ray? | Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) |
| What disease has an egg-shaped x-ray? | Transposition of the Great Arteries |
| What disease has a snowman-shaped x-ray? | Total anomalous pulmonary venous return |
| What disease has a "3" shaped x-ray? | Aortic coarctation |
| What is Osler-Weber-Rendu? | Arterio-Venus Malformation (AVM) in lung, gut, CNS (sequester platelets --> telangiectasias) |
| What is Von Hippel-Lindau | AVM in head, retina (Increased risk of renal cell carcinoma) |
| When do Valves make noise? | on Closure |
| What valves make noise at the start of systole? | Mitral & Tricuspid (S1) |
| What murmurs occur during systole? | Holosystolic (pancystolic): MR, TR, VSD ... Ejection: AS, PS, HCM |
| What valves make noise at the start of diastole? | Aortic & Pulmonary (S2) |
| What are the diastolic murmurs? | Blowing: AR, PR ... Rumbling: MS, TS |
| What murmurs are continuous? | PDA, AVM |
| What has a friction rub while breathing? | Pleuritis |
| What has a friction rub when holding your breath? | Pericarditis |
| What does a mid-systolic click tell you? | Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) |
| What does an ejection click tell you? | Stenosis: AS, PS |
| What does an opening snap tell you? | Stenosis: MS, TS |
| What does S2 splitting tell you? | Normal on inspiration (b/c pulmonic valve closes later) |
| What does a wide S2 split tell you? | Increased O2, Increased Right Ventricular Volume, or delayed Pulmonic Valve opening |
| What does a Fixed Wide S2 split tell you? | Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) |
| What is cor pulmonale? | Pulmonary HTN --> RV failure |
| What is Eisenmenger's? | Pulmonary HTN --> reverse L-R to R-L shunt |
| What is transposition of the great arteries? | Aorticopulmonary septum did not spiral |
| What is tetralogy of Fallot? | Overriding Aorta, Pulmonic Stenosis, Right Ventricular Hypertrophy, Ventral Septal Defect (VSD) |
| What is an Overriding Aorta? | Aorta overrides on Interventricular Septum over the VSD, encroaches on the Pulmonic Valve |
| What does Pulmonic Stenosis in Tetralogy of Fallot cause? | Tet Spells (episodes of bluish skin on feeding or crying), prognostic |
| What type of shunt does a VSD cause? | Left-to-Right shunt |
| What is truncus Arteriosus? | Spiral membrane didn't develop (neural crest origin); One Aortic/Pulmonary trunk (mixed blood) |
| What is Epstein's Anomaly? | Tricuspid sits very low (large right atria); Teratogenic birth defect of Lithium |
| What is cinchonism? | Hearing loss, tinnitus, thrombocytopenia |
| What are the Cyanotic Heart Diseases? | (9) Transposition of the great arteries, Tetralogy of Fallot, Truncus Arteriosus, Tricuspid Atresia, Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venus Return, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, Epstein's Anomaly, Aortic Atresia, Pulmonic Atresia |
| Causes of Widened S2: | Increased pO2, Increased right ventricular volume, Blood transfusion, Supplemental O2, Pregnancy, IV Fluids, ASD (fixed), Deep breathing |
| Types of Arterio-Venus Malformation (AVM): | AVM=machinery murmur; Heart:PDA, Elbow:dialysis fisula, Brain:Von-Hippel-Lindau, Lungs:Osler-Weber-Rendu |
| Heart Block Clue | Pain with a Normal heart rate |
| Heart rate increase with temperature | HR should increase by 10bpm for every 1 degree increase in temperature |
| Maximum Sinus Rate (aka max heart rate) | 220 - age in years |
| Ions and the EKG | P-wave=Ca2+, QRS-complex=Na+, ST-Interval=Ca2+, T-wave=K+, U-wave=Na+ |
| Most Common NON-Cyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases | VSD, ASD, PDA, Coarctation of the Aorta |
| Pansystolic Murmurs | Mitral Regurg, Tricuspid Regurg, VSD |
| Myocardial Infarct - Enzymes | Troponin I, CKMB, LDH |
| MI Enzymes Timeline | Troponin I (appears 2hrs, peaks 2days, gone 7days); CKMB (appears 6hrs, peaks 12hrs, gone 2days); LDH (appears 1day, peaks 2days, gone 3days) |
| Along with nitrates, what hypertensive medication both vaso- and veno-dilates? | ACE-Inhibitors |
| For what medical conditions are nitrates used? | CHF, Acute MI, Angina |
| Clues for Coarctation | Differential Pulses, Differential Cyanosis, Rib notching on X-Ray |
| Reason for Rib Notching in Coarctation: | Bronchial arteries open up to allow blood to flow and eroding ribs |
| Reason for differential cyanosis in coarctation: | the PDA joins distal to coarctation |
| Most common congenital heart disease in Down's Syndrome | Common AV Canal, ASD + VSD together, VSD only, ASD only |
| Why does Common AV Canal result? | Failure of endocardial cushion to develop |
| Most Common Cyanotic Heart disease in Down's Syndrome | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| Which vessels have the greatest effect on blood pressure? | Arterioles |
| Which vessels can store the most blood? | Veins & Venules |
| Which vessels have the thinnest walls? | Capillaries |
| How does the body maintain stroke volume during hypovolemic shock? | by constricting the veins and venules |
| How much blood is stored in the veins & venules? | 60% of blood volume |
| Vessels in which most diffusion occurs: | Capillaries |
| Type of epithelium that makes up the aorta | stratified squamous |
| Calcification of the aortic arch due to trauma and age is called? | Monckeberg calcification |
| What gives the veins & venules the ability to have such great compliance? | Elastin, they have a thin wall |
| What 2 factors help overcome afterload and help deliver blood to tissues? | Ventricular contraction and Aortic recoil |
| What 3 factors prevent blood from being delivered to the heart during systole? | Aortic valves partially occlude the coronary vessels; There is no transmural force pushing blood into the coronary vessels; The contracting ventricles compress the coronary vessels |
| When is the energy requirement developed? | Energy requirement is generated during systole |
| When is energy extracted from blood? | Energy is extracted during diastole |
| How much oxygen is extracted from blood by the heart? | 97% |
| With FAST heart rates, in which phase of the cycle does the heart spend most time? | systole |
| With SLOW heart rates, in which phase of the cycle does the heart spend most time? | diastole |
| What happens to the aorta as you age? | The aorta calcifies |
| How does aortic calcification affect compliance? | Compliance Decreases |
| What effect does decreased aortic compliance have on blood pressure and pulse pressure? | BP increases (mainly systolic). Pulse Pressure increases (systolic increases, diastolic remains unchanged) |
| How do you treat hypertension in the elderly? | Ca2+ channel Blockers |
| Why do the liver & kidneys have resistance of vessels in series? | They detoxify blood so you want blood to move slowly. Even though the velocity of the downstream blood is increased, there is a backup of blood so blood flow decreases and blood spends more time being detoxified. |
| Vasodilators of the organs: | Brain (Increased pCO2, decreased pO2); CV (Adenosine); Lung (Increased pO2); Muscle (Increased pCO2, decreased pH); GI (food, esp fat); Skin (Increased Temp, Increased pCO2); Renal (D2-R, PG, ANP) |
| What is the function of the Carotid Body? Carotid Sinus? | Carotid Body is a chemoreceptor; Carotid Sinus is a baroreceptor that measure stroke volume |
| What is the pathway of signals from the carotid sinus? | Carotid sinus measures stroke volume; Sends signal to Nucleus tractus Solitarius in the Medulla via CN IX; The Medulla then sends a signal to the heart via CN X; Medulla causes increased release of NE |
| How does the carotid sinus affect firing of CN IX and CN X? | Cranial Nerves IX and X are always firing; Firing goes up/down along with Stroke Volume; NE goes in the opposite direction; Increased Stroke Volume causes increased firing of IX and X; decreased Stroke Volume causes decreased firing of IX and X |
| What effect does CN X have on the heart? | CN X is inhibitory to the heart. Increased firing causes decreased Heart Rate; Decreased Firing causes Increased Heart Rate |
| When you stand up, how much does heart rate and blood pressure change? | Heart Rate increases by 5-10bpm; Blood Pressure drops by 5-20mmHg |
| What is the meaning of a change less than the expected mean in HR & BP when standing up? | body did not respond = Autonomic Dysfunction |
| What is the meaning of a change MORE than the expected mean in HR & BP when standing up? | body overcompensated = Volume Depletion |
| Four types of Autonomic Dysfunction: | Baby (Reily-Day Syndrome); Diabetics (Neuropathy); Parkinson (Shy-Drager); Elderly (Sick Sinus Syndrome) |
| What is the pathology of Sick Sinus Syndrome in the elderly? | Carotid Sinus is so calcified that it does not respond. Sick sinus means pausing for more than one second. |
| What is the pathology of Reily Day Syndrome? | Babies are born with no autonomic reflexes |
| With respect to the carotid sinus, what sequence of events takes place when you increase your fluid volume? | Carotid Sinus increases firing; CN IX and X increase firing; HR decreases (Reflex Bradycardia) |
| Sequence of events takes place when you stand from a seated position (carotid sinus) | Blood pools in legs --> Decreased venous return --> Decreased EDV --> Decreased Stroke Volume --> Decreased firing of Carotid Sinus --> Decreased firing of CN IX and X --> Increased HR Reflex Tachycardia --> Decreased BP 5-20mmHg and Increased HR 5-10bpm |
| Mechanism responsible for immediate regulation of BP: | Carotid Reflex via Carotid Sinus |
| Mechanism responsible for intermediate regulation of BP: | NE (alpha1 receptors then beta1 receptors) |
| Mechanism responsible for long term regulation of blood pressure: | kidney |
| What is the most potent vasoconstrictor in the body? | Angiotensin II |
| To what stimulus to JG cells in the kidney respond? And how? | They respond to flow (volume) not pressure --> cause the release of Renin |
| What is the rationale for using a carotid massage? | Massaging the carotid Sinus stimulates an increase in Stroke Volume. This causes increased firing of Carotid Sinus, Increased Firing of CN IX and X and decrease in HR |
| How does NE regulate blood pressure? | If Carotid reflex is not enough to normalize BP, NE is released and causes vasoconstriction via Alpha1 receptors and an increase in HR via Beta1 receptors |
| What is the function of the carotid reflex? | The carotid sinus is responsible for immediate regulation of HR via reflex Brady & Tachy cardia |
| What is the diagnosis for a patient presenting with increased HR and Normal BP? | Hypovolemia (compensated shock) |
| What are the first physical signs of hypovolemia? | Poor skin turgor (mottled skin), increased pulse, and decreased bowel sounds |
| What is lentigo reticularis? | Hypoperfusion of the skin due to vasoconstriction in shock |
| Two most important actions of Angiotensin II: | Vasoconstriction, stimulate Aldosterone release |
| What is the treatment for hypertension in heart failure? | ACE-Inhibitor |
| First Degree Heart Block | Fixed lengthening of PR interval |
| Second Degree (Mobitz 2) Heart Block | Normal PR interval & erratic loss of QRS |
| Third Degree Heart Block | AV disassociation |
| Second Degree (Mobitz 1) Heart Block | gradual lengthening of PR interval & erratic loss of QRS |
| How do you treat various types of heart block? | 1st degree -> No Tx; Mobitz I -> Pacer if symptomatic; Mobitz II -> Pacer; 3rd Degree -> Pacer |
| Complication of Temporal Arteritis: | blindness |
| Another name for Temporal Arteritis: | Giant Cell Arteritis |
| How do you diagnose Temporal Arteritis? | Temporal Artery Biopsy |
| Rule of 60s for Temporal Arteritis: | Age>60, ESR>60, 60mg prednisone to treat |
| Myositis | one muscle hurt; caused by Rifampin, Isoniazid, Statins, Prednisone, Hypothyroidism |
| Polymyositis | several muscles hurt |
| Dermatomyositis | muscle pain with rash; visceral cancer; heliotropic |
| Fibrositis | inflamed muscle insertions; muscle pain when moving |
| Fibromyalgia | pain of muscle and muscle insertions; treated with Amitriptyline; multiple trigger points |
| Polymyalgia Rheumatica | shoulder girdle hurts most; Increased in Temporal Arteritis |
| Throbbing temporal Headache | Temporal Arteritis |
| Drugs that cause Myositis | Rifampin, Isoniazid, Statins, Prednisone |
| Disease that causes myositis | Hypothyroidism |
| Clues for Ataxia Telangiectasia | Cerebellar signs in 5-10yo; Spider veins on skin; IgA deficiency |
| Vasculitis 2 weeks after a common cold | Berger's |
| Smoking Jewish person with necrotizing vasculitis | Buerger's |
| Family history of deafness & cataracts | Alport's |
| Strawberry Tongue | Kawasaki's |
| 2 weeks after E.coli gastroenteritis | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) |
| Fever, Thrombocytopenia, and Neuro problems | Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura |
| Midsize arteries (particularly in GI and kidney) | Polyarteritis Nodosa |
| Vasculitis with Sinuses, Lungs and Kidney involvement | Wagener's granulomatosis |
| Two weeks after vaccination | Serum sickness |
| Anti-cariolipin, anti-SM, anti dsDNA antibodies | SLE |
| Septic emboli | Subacute Bacterial endocarditis |
| 2 muscle types least affected by neuromuscular disease | Smooth muscle & Cardiac muscle because they have autonomics |
| Only vasculitis with normal platelet count | Henoch-Scholer Purpura (HSP) |
| Only vasculitis with a HIGH platelet count | Kawasaki |
| Which protein is decreased in all vasculitides? | Haptoglobin |
| What is the cellular response seen with all vasculatides? | Tcells & Macrophages |
| Kawasaki | Mucositis, rash on palms & soles, Cervical lymph nodes, Temp>102>3days |
| Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP) | Fever, Thrombocytopenia, neurological problems |
| Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) | Midsized arteries (GI & Renal), assoc with Hep B, p-ANCA |
| Churg-Strauss | Allergic vasculitis |
| Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE) | Cardiac infection caused by Strep Viridians |
| MPGN I | Tram Tracks with c3 nephritic factors in basement membrane |
| MPGN II | Tram Tracks with low complement (dense deposit disease) |
| CREST Syndrome | mildest form of scleroderma, patchy involvement |
| Scleroderma | Anti-scl70 and anti-SM muscle |
| Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS) | Scleroderma with organ involvement |
| Rheumatic Arthritis | Symmetrical polyarteritis, worse in morning, periosler erosion on x-ray |
| Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis | Arthritis with iridesis |
| Felty's | RA + leukopenia + splenomegaly |
| Behcet's | RA + GI ulcers |
| Sjogren's | RA + dry eyes, dry mouth |
| Vasculitis with GI bleeding, intussuscetion, normal platelet count | Henoch-Scholer Purpura (HSP) |
| Vasculitis whose most common cause is Sepsis | DIC |
| Most common cause of renal failure in kids | Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) |
| Vasculitis with which Hep B is Associated | Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) |
| Vasculitis that causes pulmonary inflitrate with eosinophilia | Churg-Strauss (allergic) |
| Xeropthalmia, Xerostomia | Sjogren's |
| Most common cause of arthritis in a middle aged female | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Only arthritis that attacks the synovium | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Closure of Mitral & Tricuspid Valves | S1 |
| Closure of Aortic & Pulmonic Valves | S2 |
| S3 means: | Volume Overload, Dilation, Decompensation |
| S4 means: | Pressure Overload, Hypertrophy, Compensation |
| What produces an S2 Split? | Delayed closing of the pulmonic valve |
| Wide S2 Split means: | Increased oxygenation, Increased ventricular volume, Delayed Pulmonic Valve closure |
| Narrow S2 Split means: | Decreased volume in the Lungs |
| Holosystolic Murmurs | Mitral Regurg, Tricuspid Regurg, VSD |
| Fixed S2 Split | ASD |
| Continuous machine-like murmur | PDA |
| Midsystolic Click | Mitral Valve Prolapse |
| What is the normal CVP? | 3-5 |
| What is the normal PCWP? | 12 |
| The systolic component of blood pressure represents: | Pressure |
| The diastolic component of blood pressure represents: | Volume |
| Ejection clicks represent: | Systolic Murmurs |
| Opening Snaps represent: | Diastolic Murmurs |
| What factor produces murmurs? | Turbulence |
| Do RIGHT heart sounds get louder on Inspiration or Expiration? | Inspiration |
| Do LEFT heart sounds get louder on Inspiration or Expiration? | Expiration |
| Most Common Cause of Aortic Stenosis | Age<30yo - Bicuspid Valve |
| Most Common Cause of Aortic Regurgitation | Aging, Collagen Disease |
| Most Common Cause of Mitral Stenosis | Rheumatic Fever |
| Most Common Cause of Tricuspid Stenosis | Rheumatic Fever, Carcinoid |
| Most Common Cause of Mitral Regurgitation | Mitral Valve Prolapse, Endocarditis, Collagen Disease |
| Most Common Cause of Tricuspid Regurgitation | Acute Endocarditis (MC IV drug use) |
| Most Common Cause of Pulmonary Stenosis AND Pulmonary Regurgitation | Congenital Anomaly |
| Clues for Aortic Stenosis | Head bobbing, Quinke's pulses, Wide pulse pressure, Waterhammer pulse |
| What is the normal Pulse Pressure? | 120-80=40 |
| How can you accentuate Aortic Stenosis? | Lean forward, Make a fist, Blow up BP cuff, Squat |
| How do you accentuate IHSS? | Valsalva & Stand Up |
| Clue for IHSS | Athlete who passes out, Harsh systolic murmur, Pulsus Biferiens, Disorganized myofibrils on biopsy |
| What casues IHSS? | The interventricular septum is top heavy and falls into the ventricle preventing it from emptying during systole |
| Diastolic blowing murmurs | Aortic Regurg, Pulmonic Regurg |
| Diastolic Rumbling murmurs | Mitral stenosis, Tricuspid stenosis |
| Systolic Ejection murmurs | Aortic Stenosis, Pulmonic Stenosis |
| What are the two main types of effusions? | Transudate & Exudate |
| What is the main cause of a transudate? | Increased hydrostatic pressure |
| What 2 diseases cause Decreased body fluid and lead to a transudate? | Cirrhosis, NephrOtic syndrome |
| What is the main cause of an Exudate? | Decreased Oncotic pressure |
| What causes purulent exudates? | Bacterial Infection |
| What causes Granulomatous Exudates? | Non-Bacterial Infections |
| What causes Caseating Exudates? | TB Infections |
| What causes Fibrinous Exudates? | Collagen Vascular Diseases (CVD), Uremia, TB |
| What causes Hemorrhagic Exudates? | Trauma, Cancer |
| Most Common Cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy | Collagen Vascular Diseases (CVD), Amyloidosis, Hemochromatosis |
| Most Common Cause of constrictive cardiomyopathy | Tamponde, Cancer |
| Most Common Congenital Heart Diseases | VSD, ASD, PDA, Coarctation |
| Most Common Cyanotic Heart Disease | Transposition of the great vessels |
| Most Common Cyanotic Heart Disease >1mo | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| Clues for tetralogy of Fallot | Blue while feeding, pink when cries; child squats while playing |
| Clues for Truncus Arteriosus | Spiral Membrane did not develop |
| Clues for Epstein's Anomaly | Pregnant mom Rx with Lithium, Tricuspid valve develops low in Right ventricle, Atrialization |
| Clues for Total Anomalous Venous Return | Snowman Sign on X-Ray |
| What component of Tetrology of Fallot determines the prognosis? | The degree of pulmonary stenosis |
| What two factors are used to determine whether fluid is transudate or exudate? | Protein<2g --> Transudate ... SpecificGravity<1.012 --> Transudate |
| Vasculitis definition | Inflammation of a blood vessel |
| Arteritis definition | Inflammation of an arterial blood vessel |
| Phlebitis definition | Inflammation of a venous blood vessel |
| Alport's | associated with deafness and cataracts, begins in child but no renal failure until 15-25yrs |
| Syphilis | attacks the aorta vasa vasorum; tree-bark appearance; wrinkled intimae, obliterative endarteritis (makes aorta fall apart) |
| Takayasu | Japanese woman with weak pulses; granulomatous inflammation like Temporal arteritis |
| Temporal Arteritis | Any temporal headache after age 60, blindness |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | HLA B27 disease; bamboo spine, lose Height, can't bend over, Amer Indians, Eskimos |
| Kid with a coronary aneurysm / bypass: | Must be a Kawasaki patient |
| p-ANCA, attacks medium sized arteries (GI,Renal), associated with Hep B | Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) |
| c-ANCA, attacks sinuses lungs kidneys, #1 cause of RPGN-cresent in kidney | Wegener's |
| Anti-GBM, linear immunofluorescence; lungs & kidney (no sinuses); RPGN-crescents | Goodpasture's |
| drug reaction causing vasculitis | Leukocytoclastic |
| Leukocytoclastic | drug reaction causing vasculitis |
| parasitic vasculits, HIGH eosinophil count, mimics asthma in kids, wheezing assoc w/ worm | Churg-Strauss |
| CREST Syndrome (anti-centromere Ab) | mildest form of scleroderma; Calcinosis, Reynaud's, Esophogeal dysmotility, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasia |
| Gerd & tight skin on fingers | CREST syndrome (anti-centromere Ab) |
| Anti-SM Ab | Scleroderma |
| Anti-Topoisomerase, chronic inflammation of organs, organs are fibrotic | Progressive Systemic Sclerosis - worst type of sclerosis |
| SubEPIthelial humps 2 weeks after a sore throat | Post-Strep GN |
| Roth spots in retina, mycotic aneurysms, splinter hemorrhages in nail beds (Osler nodes are painful; Janeways are not) | Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE) |
| Cryoglobulinemia | IgM diseases, acute inflammation only, Non-bacterial |
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