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BIO 202 Practical 1
endocrine, blood, heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is meant by “selective permeable” when referring to a plasma membrane? | Allows passage of some substances and not others |
| What is the passive molecular movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; diffusion proceeds until equilibrium is reached. | Diffusion |
| List three of the five factors that influence the diffusion rate of substances in the body that we discussed on in lab. | Diffusion distance, molecular size, temperature, concentration gradient , surface area |
| What is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from one solution to another solution containing a higher solute concentration. | osmosis |
| Some pediatricians recommend using a 10 percent salt solution as a nasal spray to relieve congestion in infants with stuffy noses. What effect would such a solution have on the cells lining the nasal cavity and why? | being hypertonic, the salt solution would draw water out of the cells, causing cells to shrink and adding water to the mucus, thereby relieving congestion |
| What type of cellular transport binds integral proteins to specific ions or organic substances and carries them across the plasma membrane? | carrier mediated transport |
| What is the movement of a relatively large volume of extracellular material into the cytoplasm via the function of a membranous vesicle at the cell surface? | endocytosis |
| What is the ejection of cytoplasmic materials by the fusion of a membranous vesicle with the plasma membrane? | exocytosis |
| What is the process called when certain types of white blood cells engulf bacteria? | Phagocytosis |
| What do active processes require to move substances across a membrane? | energy ATP |
| When a cell is placed in a ________ solution, the cell will lose water through osmosis. This process results in the ______ of RBCs. | hypertonic; crenation |
| Solutions A and B are separated by a selectively permeable barrier. Over time, the level of fluid on side A increases. Which solution initially had the higher concentration of solute? | solution A |
| What is a solution that does not cause an osmotic flow of water into or out of a cell? | isotonic |
| What is the state at which the solute concentration of the two sides of the membrane are equal? | equilibrium |
| What type of endocytosis is considered the fluid phase? | pinocytosis |
| Define hormone. | chemical messenger that travels through blood stream |
| What control mechanism mainly regulates the release of hormones into the bloodstream? | negative feedback |
| Identify the neural and glandular lobes of the pituitary gland. | left side-anterior / right side-posterior |
| What two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? | ADH and oxytocin |
| Which hormone stimulates mammary gland development? | Prolactin |
| Which hormone stimulates cell growth? | Growth hormone |
| Which hormone stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the wall of the uterus, promoting labor and delivery? | oxytocin |
| Where is TSH released from and what is its target gland? | anterior pituitary; thyroid gland |
| What signs and symptoms would you expect to see in an individual whose diet lacks iodine? | lack of T3 and T4 |
| The removal of the parathyroid glands would result in a decrease in the blood concentration of which important mineral? | calcium |
| What two hormones are released from the adrenal medulla? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Identify the two types of cells in the pancreatic islets and the hormones produced by each. | alpha-glucagon / beta-insulin |
| What is the function of insulin? | get glucose into cells |
| Damage of the semilunar valve of the right ventricle would affect blood flow into which vessel? | pulmonary trunk |
| What prevents the AV (tricuspid and bicuspid) valves from swinging into the atria? | papillary muscles |
| Why is the left ventricle more muscular then the right? | because the left ventricle has to pump blood to the whole body |
| What is the purpose of the pericardial fluid which is secreted by the pericardial membranes? | fluid acts as lubricant to prevent friction |
| Name the three layers of the heart wall. | Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium |
| What is the oval opening that penetrates the interatrial septum and connects the two atria of the fetal heart? | foramen ovale |
| What are the muscular ridges of the anterior atrial wall and the inner surface of the auricle? | pectinate muscles |
| Which structure of the heart is known as the cardiac pacemaker of the natural pacemaker? | SA node |
| Why is it important for impulses from the atria to be delayed at the AV node before they pass into the ventricles? | delay is important because it allows atria to contract before ventricles do |
| What is the condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal? | Bradycardia |
| What are the technical terms for heart contraction and heart relaxation respectively? | systole & diastole |
| Which cardiac arrhythmia is responsible for the condition known as cardiac arrest, and rapidly fatal because the ventricles quiver and stop pumping blood? | ventricular fibrillation |
| Define cardiac output. | amount of blood pumped by the left vent in one minute |
| What is pulse pressure? | difference between systolic and diastolic pressure |
| Caffeine has effects on conducting cells and contractile cells that are similar to those of norepinepherine. What effect would drinking large amounts of caffeinated drinks have on the heart? | increase heart rate |
| Calculate the mean arterial pressure of a patient. | (insert formula) |
| What is the function of intercalcated discs in cardiac tissue? | transfers the force of contraction |
| When listening to heart sounds with a stethescope, two heart sounds are clearly heard. What are they known as and what creates each sound? | lub is closing of AV valves and dub is closing of semilunar valve |
| Review the electrocardiogram report and identify the component that represents contractions of the ventricles. | QRS complex |
| What is an abnormal heart sound that occurs when heart valves do not close properly? | Heart murmur |
| What is the clinical term for high blood pressure? | Hypertension |
| P wave | atrial flutter |
| List the three functions of blood discussed in lab. | thermoregulation, defense system, transportation |
| Identify the composition of the formed elements in blood. | RBCs, WBCs, platelets |
| What two components make up the whole blood? | Plasma and formed elements |
| Why is hemoglobin important? | Gives RBCs the ability to transport oxygen |
| What is the function of surface antigens on RBCs? | They determine blood type |
| Which blood type can be safely transfused into a person with Type O blood? | Type O |
| Why cant a person with type A blood safely receive blood from another person with type B? | blood will clump and block blood flow |
| Identify the five types of WBCs. | neutrophiles, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes |
| Which type of WBC would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut? | neutrophils |
| Which type of WBC would you find in elevated numbers in a person who is producing large amounts of circulating antibodies to combat a virus? | lymphocytes |
| How do basophils respond during inflammation? | Release chemicals , histamine and heparin, that increase inflammation and attract other types of WBCs |
| List two of the three primary functions of platelets. | release chemicals important for clotting, form a patcfh in walls of damaged blood vessels, and reduce the size of break in vessel |
| Define hematocrit. | percentage of the whole blood volume is contributed by formed elements |
Created by:
slarmentrout
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