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General Biology 1001
General Biology at LSUE Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is matter? | Anything that takes up space and has mass. |
| All matter (both living and non-living)are composed of how many naturally-occurring elements? | 92 |
| What are elements? | Substances that cannot be broken down to simpler substances with different chemical or physical properties. |
| What are the six elements that make up 95% of the body weight of organisms? | Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. (CHNOPS) |
| What are atoms? | The smallest unit of an element that displays the properties of the element. |
| What do atoms contain? | Specific number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
| What are protons? | Positively charged particles. |
| What are neutrons? | Neutral particle. |
| What are electrons? | Negatively charged particles, located in orbitals outside the nucleus. |
| What is an atomic mass? | Sum of protons and neutrons. |
| What is an atomic number? | The number of protons. |
| What are isotopes? | Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons and therefore have different atomic masses. |
| What do electrons occupy? | Obitals within variouse energy levels (or electron shells) near or distant from the nucleus of the atom. |
| What is an orbital? | The volume of space where an electron is most likely to be found; an orbital can contain no more than 2 electrons. |
| What happens when atoms absorb energy during photosynthesis? | Electrons are boosted to higher energy levels. When the electrons return to their original energy level, the released energy is converted into chemical energy. |
| What is the octet rule? | The innermost electron shell of an atom is complete with 2 electrons; all other shells are complete with 8 electrons. |
| Atoms will _____, _____, or _______ electrons in order to have 8 electrons in an electron shell. | give up, accept, or share |
| What is a compound? | When atoms of two or more different elements bond together. |
| What is a molecule? | The smallest part of a compound that has properties of the compound. |
| What does a formula tell you? | The number of each kind of atom in a molecule. (ex. Glucose, C6H12O6) |
| What is an ionic bond? | Electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom. Thus by losing or gaining electrons, atoms fill outer shells, and are more stable. |
| What is an ion? | Charged particles that carry a negative or postive charge. |
| What is a covalent bond> | Two atoms that share electrons so each atom has an octet of electrons in the outer shell. |
| What is a nonpolar covalent bond? | The sharing of electrons is equal; the electrons are not attracted to either atom to a greater degree. |
| What is a polar covalent bond? | The sharing of electrons is unequal. |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | The attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen to a slightly negative atom. |
| Water has a high _______ capacity. | Heat |
| What is a calorie? | The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water 1 degree C. |
| Water has a high heat ________. | Evaporation |
| Water is a _______. | Solvent |
| What is a solvent? | Liquid portion of a solution that servers to dissolvea solute. |
| What is a solution? | Fluid (the solvent) that contains a dissolved solid (the solute). |
| Ionized or polar molecules that are attracted to water are called _____________. | Hydrophilic ("water loving") |
| Nonionized or nonpolar molecules that cannot attract water are called _____________. | Hydrophobic ("water fearing") |
| What is cohesion? | It allows water to flow freely without molecules separating. |
| What is adhesion? | The ability to adhere to polar surfaces. |
| When water ionizes or dissociates it releases a small but equal number of what? | Hydrogen (H+)ions and Hydroxide (OH-) ions. |
| What is an acid? | Molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and to lower it's pH numerically. |
| What are bases? | Molecules that take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions. |
| What does the pH scale indicate? | Acidity and basicity (alkalinity) of a solution. |
| What is a pH? | The measurment of free hydrogen ions, expressed as a negative logarithm of the H+ concentration. |
| What is a buffer? | Substances or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing it's relative acidity and basicity. |
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