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A&P I exam 1.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is profuse sweating on a hot day good, and yet a potential problem? | Good because the sweat and evaporating of the sweat causes cooling of the body. Bad because excessive water and salt loss may occur. |
| Why is skin not considered a heat barrier for the body? | The skin proper must retain flexibility to give up excess body heat, so it must not function as a heat barrier |
| Name the four kinds of sudoriferous glands | eccrine, apocrine, ceruminous, mammary |
| What are the functions of the papillary layer of the skin | -Feed and oxygenate the epidermis. -Provide touch and pain receptors. -Form the underlying foundation for ridges of the hands and toes |
| Name the layers of the epidermis in order from the surface down. | Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale |
| What are six of the functions of the epidermis | 1. Protection against abrasion. 2. Protection from the sun's radiation. 3. First line of immune system defense. 4. Protection from water loss. 5. Protection from heat loss. 6. Covers the body; interfaces with the outside |
| What complications might be anticipated from the loss of large areas of skin surfaces? | allow excessive fluid loss and infection |
| Billions of consumer dollars are spent for deodorants and antiperspirants each year. Explain the production of body odors frequently associated with axillary skin | due to the metabolic activities of bacteria on the surface of the skin |
| Balding men have tried all kinds of remedies, including hair transplants, to restore their lost locks. Explain the cause of male pattern baldness | its genetically determined and sex-linked, and is possibly caused by a delayed-action gene |
| What are vellus hairs? | pale, fine body hair |
| How are burns classified | according to their severity or depth |
| In addition to the synthesis of vitamin D, keratinocytes are able to carry out some other biologically important functions. Name at least two of these other functions | - neutralize carcinogens - convert topical steroid hormones to a powerful anti-inflammatory drug |
| There are several reasons other than genetics for hair loss. Identify some of these other factors | Stressors, drugs, burns, and radiation |
| The dermis is composed of the reticular and ________ layers | papillary |
| The only place you will find stratum ________ is in the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet. | lucidum |
| ________ are pigment-producing cells in the epidermis | Melanocytes |
| ________ burns injure the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis | second-degree |
| The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called ________ hair | terminal |
| A summertime golden bronze tan may not be a tan at all; especially if the skin appears almost metallic bronze, it may be the result of ________ disease. | Addison's |
| The ________ is a small muscle located in the dermis that causes goose bumps | arrector pili |
| The layer of the epidermis immediately under the stratum lucidum is the stratum ________. | granulosum |
| The white crescent portion of the nail is called the ________. | lunula |
| Cradle cap in infants is called ________. | seborrhea |
| Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because | eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months |
| Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to: | male hormones |
| What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? | catastrophic fluid loss |
| In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Describe these functions | - It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism |
| The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated by | hormones, especially androgens |
| Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem not to be useful in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body? | in the axillary and anogenital area |
| The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is | 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C |
| Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. They are _______? | eccrine and apocrine |
| Fingernails are actually _______________ | a modification of the epidermis |
| The most important factors influencing hair growth are | nutrition and hormones |
| What is a Langerhans' cell? | specialized phaygocytic cell |
| How do the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? | Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen |
| The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superior surface has structures called: | dermal papillae |
| Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn? | The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars |
| The dermis has two major layers; which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin? | reticular layer |
| The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which cell types are likely to be found in the dermis? | fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells |
| Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. What protects us against excessive water loss through the skin? | Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces |
| The integumentary system is protected by our immune system through the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which cells serve this immune function? | macrophages called Langerhans' cells |
| The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which layer is responsible for cell division and replacement? | stratum basale |
| Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage because the role of the keratinocytes is to: | accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment |
| Keratinocytes are the most important of the epidermal cells because: | they produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties |
| The epidermis is responsible for protecting the body against invasion of bacteria and other foreign agents primarily because it is composed of: | Four different cell shapes found in five distinct layers, each cell shape with a special function |
| The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that: | the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber |
| Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of: | diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis |
| The ________ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax | ceruminous |
| The function of the root hair plexus is to: | cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle |
| Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, describe its functions | to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system |
| Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Describe the distribution and function of sudoriferous glands? | Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen |
| Explain why hair appears the way it does and what causes variation in the appearance of hair (ie why is my hair grey and why is it sometimes wavy if I don’t blow dry?) | Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts. |
| What are Melanocytes: | pigment-producing cells in the epidermis |
| Which cutaneous receptors are specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure? | Meissner's corpuscles |
| If a splinter penetrated the skin into the third epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged? | lucidum |
| Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps | arrector pili |
| Describe the dermis: | has two layers |
| Acne is a disorder associated with: | - sebaceous glands |
| Describe the major regions of a hair shaft | - medulla, cortex, cuticle |
| . A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? | - corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale |
| How is blood unique among connective tissues? | - Blood does not give mechanical support |
| What is a simple method of telling the difference between stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium? | - Stratified squamous epithelium: changes cell shape from the basement membrane to the surface. - Transitional epithelium: has cells that are pretty much the same shape from the basement membrane to the surface |
| How is epithelial tissue the opposite of connective tissue? | Epithelial tissue: do not have fibers, no ground substance - connective tissue: has a large amount of ground substance , has three fiber typers |
| Tendon tears or breaks are difficult to repair both physiologically and surgically. Why? | - This type of tissue has relatively few cells and vascular supply is poor |
| Since mature adipocytes do not divide, how can adults gain weight? Since mature adipocytes do not divide, how can adults gain weight? | Adipocytes contain a fat-filled vacuole that can fill or empty |
| What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage-like cells? | - phagocytosis |
| The salivary glands are a good example of a ________ exocrine gland. | - compound tubuloalveolar |
| All epithelial tissue rests upon a ________. | - basement membrane |
| Multiple rows of epithelia in which the cells are about the same size from the basement membrane to the lumen would be ________ epithelia. | - transitional |
| Kidney tubules are composed of ________ epithelium. | - simple cuboidal |
| The uppermost layer of skin is composed of ________. | - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| ________ live in the lacuna of cartilage. | - Chondrocytes |
| ________ muscle cells are multinucleated. - | Skeletal |
| Cardiac muscle tissue is single nucleated, has intercalated discs, and is ________. | - branched |
| Osteocytes exist in a tiny void called a ________. | - lacuna |
| ________ tissue forms the framework for the lamina propria of mucous membranes. | - Areolar or loose connective |
| Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. | - embryonic |
| What would be a substance you would expect to find expelled from a compound alveolar gland? | - Milk |
| A large round cell with a peripheral nucleus describes a(n): | - Adipocyte |
| ________ are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells. | - Goblet cells |
| Describe the structure and function of adipose tissue. | - primary function is nutrient storage |
| Describe the process of tissue repair. (1) | - The skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins - Blood clotting occurs and stops the blood flow - Granulation tissue is formed - Fibroblasts elaborate connective tissue fibers to span the break |
| describe the process of tissue repair (2) | - Macrophages engulf and clean away cellular debris - The scar retracts - Epithelial regeneration is nearly complete |
| Describe the cells of connective tissue | - vary greatly in shape and size |
| The three main components of connective tissue are: | - ground substance, fibers, and cells |
| Describe the structure and function of multicellular exocrine glands. | - secretory cells of holocrine glands release their product by rupturing |
| The first step in tissue repair involves: | - inflammation |
| What are glycosaminoglycans? | - negatively charged polysaccharides |
| List the different types of connective tissue? | - Blood, adipose, cartilage |
| Describe the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? | - Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process |
| Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified: | - functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions |
| Describe an epithelial membrane: | - contains simple or stratified epithelia and a basement membrane |
| A multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as: | - stratified squamous |
| ________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. | - Pseudostratified columnar |
| Describe the structure and function of Chondroblasts: | - within the cartilage, divide and secrete new matrix |
| Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as: | - endocrine |
| Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? | - simple columnar |
| The shape of the external ear is maintained by: | - elastic cartilage |
| Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n): | - tissue |
| The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is: | - collagen |
| The tissue type that arises from all three embryonic germ layers is: | - epithelial tissue |
| List the cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue - | - fibroblasts - macrophages - mast cells |
| Matrix is composed of | - Connective tissues |
| Describe the structure and function of connective tissue? | - provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes. |
| A single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes is: | - simple squamous |
| Describe pseudostratified cuboidal epithelium: - | lines the respiratory tract |
| Simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract is characterized by: - | dense microvilli |
| Sweat glands exhibit a glandular type called: | - compound alveolar |
| Which organelles would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium? | - Golgi bodies |
| What is a basement membrane. | - What epithelial tissue rests upon |
| Hyaline cartilage is different from elastic or fibrocartilage because: - | fibers are not normally visible |
| The presence of lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels would indicate: | - osseous tissue |
| What is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone? | - Blood vessels |
| List and describe the phases of mitosis.(1) | - Prophase: Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate - Metaphase: Chromosomes align on the spindle equator |
| List and describe the phases of mitosis (2) | -Anaphase: Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell. -Telophase: Chromosomes decoil to form chromatin |
| Briefly name the subphases of interphase and tell what they do. | - G1: growth phase - S DNA: replicates itself. - G2: Enzymes and proteins are synthesized |
| How are peroxisomes different from lysosomes? | - peroxisomes: are oxidases which use oxygen to detoxify harmful substances - Lysosomes have powerful hydrolytic enzymes that will pretty much destroy anything they come in contact with |
| How are the products of free ribosomes different from membrane-bound ribosomes? | -Free ribosomes make soluble proteins that function in the cytosol. Membrane bound ribosomes produce proteins that are to be used on the cell membrane or exported from the cell. |
| Which organelles have their own DNA? | - Mitochondria, nucleus, and centrioles |
| What is the common route of entry for flu viruses into a cell? | - virus can attach to the receptors or to the substances the receptors accept to "hitch a ride" into the cell |
| Hydrostatic pressure: | the pressure of water exerted on the cell membrane |
| - Osmotic pressure: | created by different concentrations of molecules in a solution separated by the cell membrane |
| In all living cells hydrostatic and osmotic pressures exist. Explain how they are used in the concept of tonicity of the cell. | changes the shape of the cell, regulate substances entering and exiting the cell, and bring about the polarity of the cell |
| Why are free radicals so dangerous to cells, and how are they dealt with by the body? | - highly reactive chemicals that cause havoc in any cellular environment - Cells with peroxisomes have enzymes specific to reducing free radicals into less reactive chemicals |
| genetic code | the information encoded in the nucleotide base sequence of DNA |
| What does genetic code, code for? | A sequence of three bases, called a triplet |
| What are the letters of the genetic code? | A, T, C, and G. |
| Briefly describe the glycocalyx functions.. | -helps bind cells together -provides a highly specific biological marker |
| What forces maintain a steady state "resting" membrane potential? | - diffusion and active transport mechanisms |
| Why can we say that a cell without a nucleus will ultimately die? | - Without a nucleus, a cell cannot make proteins, nor can it replace any enzymes |
| Describe two important functions of the Golgi apparatus. | - modify, sort, and package proteins |
| A ________ is a channel between cells. | - connexon |
| A red blood cell would swell if its surrounding solution were ________. | - hypotonic |
| The process of discharging particles from inside a cell to the outside is called ________. | - exocytosis |
| The most common extracellular ion is ________. | - sodium |
| Two very important second messengers used in the G protein-linked receptor mechanism are cyclic AMP and ________. | - ionic calcium |
| Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the ________. | - mitochondria |
| ________ are hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins. | - Microtubules |
| In order for the DNA molecule to get "short and fat" to become a chromosome, it must first wrap around small molecules called ________. | - histones |
| The metabolic or growth phase of a cell life cycle is called ________. | - interphase |
| ________ is the division of the cytoplasm. | - Cytokinesis |
| Water may move through membrane pores constructed by transmembrane proteins called ________. | - aquaporins |
| The RNA that has an anticodon and attaches to a specific amino acid is ________ RNA. - | transfer |
| If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon. | - UCG |
| List the ways hormones may enter cells | - Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis filtration |
| Crenation is an example of: | - blood cells in a hypertonic solution |
| What is extracellular matrix? | - the most abundant extracellular material |
| 103. A gene can best be defined as________________________ | - a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain |
| The functions of centrioles include________________ | - organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division |
| What is the endomembrane system? | - an interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected |
| What are Lysosomes? | - contain acid hydrolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell |
| The main component of the cytosol is: | - water |
| Describe the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? - | Cyclic AMP and calcium are second messengers |
| Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? | Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. |
| Cells are composed mainly of which elements | - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen |
| List the concepts of the cell theory? | - A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms |
| How is cell resting membrane potential maintained | - extracellular sodium levels are high |
| Describe Peroxisomes: | - peroxisomes are oxidases which use oxygen to detoxify harmful substances |
| 92. Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for what purposes? - | synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use |
| A red blood cell placed in pure water would: | - Swell and burst |
| The plasma membrane (cell membrane) is: | - phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell |
| Describe the functions of the plasma membrane? | - It is selectively permeable. - It encloses - It acts as a site of cell to cell |
| Fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells are ______________ | - microvilli |
| The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is the: | - tRNA |
| Calcium ions are stored (in the cell): | - smooth ER |
| Transcytosis is: | - transporting an endosome |
| Describe the generation of a membrane potential? | - Both potassium and sodium ions |
| Can lungs carry out excretory functions? Explain. | - Yes, carbon dioxide is a metabolic |
| Histology could be defined as a study of ___________ | tissue |
| Normal body temperature is ____ degrees centigrade. | 37 |
| If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis then the wall thermostat would be the: | control center |
| The purpose of negative feedback is: | to maintain homeostasis |
| __________is the specific name for hip/ groin/ thigh/ leg/ forearm/arm/front of elbow/calf/ shoulder blade/ breastbone/ cheek/ chin/ eye/ chest/ armpit/ neck/ etc. | coxal |
| An oblique cut is one that: | Diagonally between the vertical and horizontal |
| The heart lies in the ________ cavity. | pericardium |
| ________ cavities are spaces between bones. | synovial |
| A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be: | organ |
| List and explain the functional characteristics of life? | Movement, responsiveness to external stimuli, maintenance of boundaries |
| The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60 to 80% of body weight, is: | water |
| The posterior side of the patella would be called: | Popliteal |
| Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback mechanisms? | negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body |
| Describe the anatomical position | Body erect, arms at sides, palms turned posteriorly |
| A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be: | Enhancement of labor contractions |
| A parasagittal plane is: | Any sagittal plane except the median |
| Which organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? | Intestine |
| The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane which _______________ | lining the thoracic cavity |
| List and describe the subdivisions (topics) contained within the study of anatomy. | Gross, regional, systemic, and surface |
| Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains _________________ | Relatively stable internal environment, within limits |
| The lungs are located in which cavities: | Pleural, ventral and thoracic |
| Describe the structure and function of serous membranes. | Visceral pericardium covers the surface …. |
| The lungs are located in which cavities: | Pleural, ventral and thoracic |
| Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains _________________ | Relatively stable internal environment, within limits |
| List and describe the subdivisions (topics) contained within the study of anatomy. | Gross, regional, systemic, and surface |
| The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane which _______________ | lining the thoracic cavity |
| Which organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? | Intestine |
| A parasagittal plane is: | Any sagittal plane except the median |
| A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be: | Enhancement of labor contractions |
| Describe the anatomical position | Body erect, arms at sides, palms turned posteriorly |
| Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback mechanisms? | negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body |
| The posterior side of the patella would be called: | Popliteal |
| The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60 to 80% of body weight, is: | water |
| List and explain the functional characteristics of life? | Movement, responsiveness to external stimuli, maintenance of boundaries |
| A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be: | organ |
| ________ cavities are spaces between bones. | synovial |
| The heart lies in the ________ cavity. | pericaridum |
| An oblique cut is one that: | Diagonally between the vertical and horizontal |
| __ is the specific name for hip/ groin/ thigh/ leg/ forearm/arm/front of elbow/calf/ shoulder blade/ breastbone/ cheek/ chin/ eye/ chest/ armpit/ neck/ etc. | _Coxal___ |
| The purpose of negative feedback is: | To maintain homeosstatis |
| If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis then the wall thermostat would be the: | Control center |
| Normal body temperature is ____ degrees centigrade | 37 |
| Histology could be defined as a study of ___________ | -tissues |
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