Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
U5: Female Repro
Female Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organs of female reproductive system | ovaries, oviducts/uterine/fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva/pudendum |
| Ovaries | female gonads; shape/size of almonds; located in pelvic cavity on lateral sides of uterus; smooth surface before produce/release eggs—scarred/pitted when they begin to produce w/ sexual maturation |
| Broad ligament | support of ovary; sheet/fold of peritoneum that extends from lateral sides of uterus like tent flaps |
| Ovarian ligament | support of ovary; distinct cord w/in broad ligament that extends from ovary to uterus |
| Ovarian cortex | outer region of ovary; contains ovarian follicles |
| Ovarian follicles | multicellular structures in ovarian cortex in which oocytes (immature egg cells) are located; each consists of several follicle cells and one oocyte |
| Primordial follicles | in ovarian cortex; smallest, least mature of different categories of ovarian follicles; follicles from which all subsequent follicle stages are derived |
| Ovarian cycle | activity that occurs in ovary in relation to menstrual cycle; beginning 6-12 primordial follicles begin to grow; usually all degenerate but one—primary follicle, which give rise to secondary follicle, which turns into a vesivular/mature/graafian follicle |
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | from anterior pituitary gland; at beginning of each ovarian cycle, stimulates primordial follicles to grow |
| Oogenesis | meiosis relative to egg cell production within follicles; produce ova; chromosome number reduced by half from 46 to 23 (dipload to haploid) |
| Corona radiata | follicle cells that cluster most closely around oocyte |
| Zona pellucida | barrier directly coating oocyte which sperm must ultimately penetrate to accomplish fertilization |
| Ovulation | the rupture of a Graafian/mature/vesicular follicle and expulsion of its oocyte; occurs on about day 14 of ovarian cycle; stimulated by surge in secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary gland |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | hormone secreted from anterior pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation |
| Corpus luteum | @ ovulation, most cells of ruptured Graafian follicle remain in ovary & are modified to form this structure; secretes estrogens, primarily progesterone; persists ~1st 2 mos pregnancy; if no fertilization, degenerates in about 2 wks forming corpus albicans |
| Corpus albicans | tiny, white, scar-like spot on ovary from unfertilized and unimplanted corpus luteum |
| Uterine tubes/fallopian tubes/oviducts | tubes receive ovulated oocytes from ovary; are usual site of fertilization; each begins near ovary, courses medially to empty into superior uterus |
| Infundibulum | lateral, funnel-shaped portion of uterine tube near ovary; extending from this are the fimbriae |
| Fimbriae | extend from margin of infundibulum; small, finger-like projections coated w/ cilia to draw ovulated egg cells into uterine tube. |
| Ampulla of uterine tube | medial to infundibulum; most common site of fertilization |
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | lack of continuity b/t ovaries & uterine tubes makes female vulnerable to this disease; widespread infection originates in vagina/uterus, spreads to uterine tubes/ovaries, & ultimately peritoneum of pelvic cavity; can cause scar tissue = infertility |
| Ectopic pregnancy | involves implantation of embryo at any site other than uterus; if in uterine tube, can rupture and cause life threatening internal bleeding |
| Salpingectomy | surgical removal of the uterine tube |
| Salpingitis | inflammation of uterine tube |
| Uterus/womb | located in pelvic cavity anterior to rectum, superior to bladder; if never pregnant, about size/shape of inverted pear; usually anteverted, but can become retroverted in older women; regions are body, fundus, cervix |
| Fundus | region of uterus; rounded superior portion |
| Cervix | region of uterus; neck-like, inferior, joined to vagina |
| Body | region of uterus; largest & middle portion that lies between fundus and cervix; bulk of uterine cavity |
| Cervical canal | passes through cervix to open at uterine cavity superiorly via internal os and opens at vagina inferiorly via external os; mucus |
| Broad ligament, lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament, round ligaments | structures that support the uterus; most uterine support provided by muscles of pelvic floor (urogenital and pelvic diaphragm) |
| Broad ligament | supports uterus; sheet-like, extends laterally from uterus like tent flaps |
| Round ligament | supports uterus; cord-like; bind anterior uterus to back of the anterior wall of pelvic cavity |
| Prolapse of uterus | if uterine supporting muscles—urogenital diaphragm, pelvic diaphragm—are torn during childbirth, this condition can occur; uterus falls to an abnormally low position, causing tip of cervix to protrude through vaginal orifice |
| Rectouterine pouch | indentation located b/t rectum and uterus; most inferior part of abdominopelvic cavity, so pus from infections can drain to this pouch |
| Uterine wall | three layers—permetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
| Permetrium | in effect the visceral peritoneum of uterus |
| Myometrium | thick, middle uterine layer made of smooth muscle tissue that provides for strong childbirth contractions |
| Endometrium | innermost layer of uterus; in effect uterine mucosa; consists of lining of epithelium w/ sublayer of connective tissue called lamina propria; embryo burrows into this layer upon fertilization; two specific sublayers—stratum functionalis, stratum basilis |
| Stratum functionalis | sublayer of endometrium; undergoes cyclic thickenings and thinnings in response to varied concentrations of ovarian hormones in blood; lost in menstruation about every 28 days |
| Stratum basilis | sublayer of endometrium; forms new stratum functionalis after each menstruation |
| Uterine cycle | refers to aspect of menstrual cycle that pertains to uterus; series of thickening, thinning phases of endometrium each month in response to altering blood levels |
| Vagina | tube that extends inferiorly from cervix of uterus; lies anterior to rectum, posterior to urethra; "birth canal"; mucosa of stratified squamous epithelium for abrasion protection and underlying lamina propria; acidic pH due to beneficial resident bacteria |
| Vaginal orifice | vagina’s external opening |
| Hymen | near vaginal orifice, mucosa elaborates to form partial partition; membrane may be ruptured during exercise, insertion of tampon, or sexual intercourse |
| Fornix of the vagina | indentation where superior part of vagina encircles tip of uterine cervix |
| External genitalia/vulva/pudendum | structures include mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule features |
| Mons pubis | fatty, rounded pad overlying pubic symphasis; will grow hair at puberty |
| Labia majora | extend posteriorly from mons pubis; two hair covered folds of skin; enclose labia minora |
| Labia minora | two hairless folds of skin enclosed by labia majora; enclose vestibule |
| Vestbule | area between labia minora; house external urethral orifice and vaginal orifice |
| Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands | flanking vaginal orifice; paired, pea sized glands that provide lubricating mucus during sexual excitation |
| Clitoris | located where two labia minora meet at anterior point of vestibule; composed mainly of erectile tissue; sensitive and swells w/ blood during stimulation |
| Female Perineum | floor of pelvis; in exact center lies central tendon/perineal body |
| Central tendon/perineal body | center of perineum; structure serves as point of insertion for most muscles that support the pelvic floor/uterus; can be torn by infant’s head during delivery |
| Episiotomy | performed during delivery to in attempt to avoid tearing of central tendon/perineal body; vaginal orifice is widened by posterior cut from it into clinical perineum at time baby’s head appears at vestibule |
| Mammary glands/breasts | only function in lactating females when produce milk to nourish an infant in response to hormonal stimulation; internally has 15-25 lobes separated by adipose tissue and suspensory ligaments of breasts |
| Lactiferous ducts | largest ducts in nipple; milk passes from lobules through progressively larger ducts until it reaches these |
| Fertilization | occurs when nucleus of sperm unites w/ nucleus of egg; sperm reaches oocyte; binds to zona pellucida, releases digestive enzymes, which eat away at zona pellucida until slit is made which sperm can squeeze through |
| Cleavage | series of mitotic cell divisions in fertilized egg/zygote; first forming morula (solid ball of cells) and then forming blastocyst (hollow ball of cells) |
| Blastocyst | hollow ball of cells formed in cleavage; very early aspect of embryonic development consisting of 2 grps—inner cell mass, trophoblast |
| Inner cell mass | group of blastocyst; will form body of embryo |
| Trophoblast | group of blastocyst; will form placenta |
| Implantation | process by which blastocyst burrows into endometrium of uterus; about 6 days after fertilization; takes about a week to be completed |
| Placenta | serves as respiratory, digestive, urinary systems for fetus; permeable, but blocks passage of most bacteria from mother to fetus; many viruses and drugs can pass through placenta from mother to fetus |
| Placenta previa | condition in which embryo implants in inferior aspect of uterine wall; consequently placenta may cover internal os of cervical canal; associated w/bleeding during last 3 mos of pregnancy; bed rest prescribed; can interfere w/ fetal development |
| Placental abruption | condition in which placenta is in normal position, but becomes partly separated from uterine wall prior to birth; also produces vaginal bleeding during pregnancy; can interfere w/ fetal development |
| Puberty | period of life b/t ~ages 10-15 when reproductive organs grow to adult size & reproduction becomes possible; due to rising levels of estrogens/testosterones |
| Menopause | occurs ages ~46-54; associated w/ decreased activity of ovaries; ovulation ceases, stop producing estrogen, causing repro organs/breasts to atrophy, bone mass declines, blood cholesterol levels slowly rise, increasing risk of cardiovascular disorders |
| Ovarian cancer | cancer that arises from epithelial cells on surface of ovary |
| Endometrial cancer | cancer that arises from epithelium of endometrium; unfortunately postmenopausal estrogen-replacement therapy increases risk of this cancer |
| Cervical cancer | cancer that arises from epithelial cells that cover tip of cervix; pap smear is best detection method |
| Breast cancer | cancer that arises from epithelium of ducts in lobules of breasts; occurs in ~1 / every 8 women; risk factors are family history, post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy; often spreads rapidly via metastasizing from breast through lymphatic vessels |
| Fibroids | slow growing, benign tumors in wall of uterus |
| Hysterectomy | surgical removal of uterus, most frequently done to remove fibroids |
| Endometriosis | condition in which fragments of endometrial tissue are located at a site outside of uterus such as uterine tubes, ovaries, peritoneum of pelvic cavity; can be painful due to thickening/thinning of out of place endometrial tissue |
| Tubal ligation | tying and/or cutting the uterine tubes as a form of birth control |
Created by:
mbtrimm
Popular Biology sets