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U5: Urine Formation

Urinary System Part III: Urine Formation/Production

QuestionAnswer
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion three processes of urine formation/production
Glomerular filtration involves movement of water & solutes from glomerular capillaries into capsular space of Bowman’s capsule; non-selective, driven by blood pressure; forms glomerular filtrate contains both wastes, valuable water, and solutes
Glomerular filtrate formed via glomerular filtration; contains both wastes (urea) and valuable water & solutes (sodium, glucose); 99% is ultimately returned to blood during urine formation; from Bowman’s capsule, enters, courses through renal tubule for processing.
Tubular reabsorption mvmt of water/solutes from renal tubule (esp. proximal convoluted tubule) to peritubular capillary blood; valuable substances from glomerular filtrate return to blood; substances not reclaimed become part of urine; simultaneous w/ tubular secretion
Tubular secretion movement of substances from peritubular capillary blood to renal tubule; rids blood of additional amts of waste, certain ions; substances secreted into renal tubule become part of urine & expelled
Entirely in renal cortex location of proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Cortical nephron type of nephron in which loops of Henle barely dip into renal medulla; account for 85% of all nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephron type of nephron in which loops of Henle dip deeply into renal medulla; account for 15% of all nephrons; surrounded by vasa recta blood vessels; component of kidney’s urine concentrating system
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hormone made by neurons in hypothalamus; stored in pituitary gland, secreted as needed; promotes collecting ducts/tubules & distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb water; helps maintain blood volume & pressure, while reducing urine output
Aldosterone hormone secreted by adrenal cortex; promotes tubular reabsorption of sodium & tubular secretion of potassium by kidneys and in blood; indirectly increases blood volume & pressure, since as sodium is reabsorbed, water follows via osmosis
Juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of small portion of distal convoluted tubule & small portion of afferent arteriole in contact w/ one another; both portions have modified cells that secrete renin (hormone that initiates sequence of chem. Reactions to increase blood pressure)
Bowman’s/glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle (descending, then ascending), distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct/tubule, minor calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra order of glomerular filtrate & urine flow thru and from kidney and urinary tract
Ureter each extends from renal pelvis of kidney to inferior, posterior aspect of urinary bladder into which it empties urine; smooth muscle in wall propels urine via peristalsis
Transitional epithelium lining epithelium of ureter’s mucosa; allows for some stretching when ureter is full of urine
Kidney stones/renal calculi uric acid/calcium salts crystallize and form stones in renal pelvis due to extreme concentration of urine; most can pass through on their own, but larger can become lodged and cause intense pain
Urinary bladder collapsible, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine it receives from ureters; propels urine into urethra when appropriate; in females, largely inferior to uterus; located on floor of pelvic cavity posterior to pubic symphasis
Trigone triangular region outlined by three openings in inferior aspect of urinary bladder; common specific location of bladder infections
Cystitis bladder infection; usually located in trigone of urinary bladder
Transitional epithelium epithelial tissue component of bladder’s mucosa; along with rugae allows distension
Detrusor muscle smooth muscle tissue layer in wall of urinary bladder; provides much of the force that squeezes urine out of the bladder and into urethra during urination
Urethra conveys urine from urinary bladder to outside of body
Internal urethral sphincter thickening of smooth muscle at bladder-urethra junction; involuntary
External urethral sphincter surrounds urethra within a sheet of skeletal muscle called urogenital diaphragm; can be willfully controlled
External urethral orifice opening of the urethra at body surface
Female urethra anterior to vaginal orifice, posterior to clitoris; short in length & especially vulnerable to UTIs.
Pyelitis/pyelonephritis inflammation of the kidney
Dysuria painful urination
Male urethra longer than female; organ of both urinary and reproductive systems since transports both urine & semen; 3 portions—prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile/spongy urethra
Prostatic urethra portion of male urethra that passes through prostate gland
Membranous urethra portion of male urethra that courses through urogenital diaphragm in floor of pelvic cavity
Penile/spongy urethra portion of male urethra passes through corpus spongiosum of penis
Hypospadias congenital defect of male urethra characterized by incomplete development such that there are openings on the undersurface of penis through which urine can exit
Micturation urination/emptying of bladder; accomplished by contraction of bladder detrusor muscle, assisted by abdominal wall muscles; requires relaxation of both internal/external urethral sphincters
Incontinence inability to control urination; normal in babies who can’t yet control external urethral sphincter, sometimes in pregnant women, common in elderly in associated w/ urethral sphincter/urinary bladder problems
Urinary retention inability of bladder to expel urine it contains; commonly occurs in patients after surgery w/ general anesthesia; can also be due to hyperplasia of prostate gland in older man due to enlargement
Created by: mbtrimm
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