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U5: Kidneys
Urinary System Part II: Kidneys, Nephrons
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Location of kidneys | lie against posterior wall of abdominal cavity in superior lumbar region; retroperitoneal (behind peritoneum) in position; about size of large bar of soap; each has hilus/hilum |
| Hilus/hilum of kidney | concave, medial aspect of each kidney; indentation where renal artery enters kidney and renal vein and ureter exit kidney |
| Fibrous/renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia | layers of supportive tissue around each kidney |
| Fibrous/Renal capsule | thin, shiny transparent layer of connective tissue directly coating each kidney |
| Adipose capsule | fatty mass that cushions kidney and helps hold it in proper position; external to fibrous/renal capsule |
| Renal fascia | external to adipose capsule; envelope of connective tissue |
| Renal cortex, renal medulla | two distinct regions of the kidney |
| Renal cortex | outer region of kidney that has somewhat granular appearance due to over 1 million renal corpuscles it contains |
| Renal medulla | inner (deeper) region of kidney that largely consists of triangular structures called renal pyramids |
| Renal pyramids | triangular structures in renal medulla; bear striated appearance due to many straight-running urine collecting ducts/tubules; papilla of each points internally toward renal pelvis |
| Renal pelvis | funnel-like area in kidney that leads to the beginning (superior aspect) of the ureter |
| Calyces/calices (sing. – calyx) | essentially extensions of the renal pelvis; each kidney has two or three major ones that subdivide to form several minor ones |
| Minor calyces | cup-shaped tubes adjacent to papillae of renal pyramids |
| Pyelitis | infection of renal pelvis and calyces |
| Pylenoephritis | infection of overall kidney; usually result from spread of fecal bacterium E. coli from anal region superiorly through urinary tract |
| Renal artery | each kidney has one; provides rich supply of blood to kidney; extends from abdominal aorta; about ¼ of heart’s systemic output reaches kidneys through these |
| Afferent arterioles | renal artery;enters Bowman’s capsule, then divides multiple times to form glomerulus; feeds/supplies glomerulus; diameter is greater than efferent version. Blood enters this more readily than it leaves, contributing to high blood pressure of glomerulus |
| Efferent arteriole | drains the glomerular capillaries; exits Bowman’s capsule then divides to give rise to peritubular capillaries and, in some cases, also to the vasa recta blood vessels |
| Peritubular capillaries | surround proximal & distal convoluted tubules in renal cortex; associated w/ steps of urine formation known as tubular reabsorption & tubular secretion |
| Vasa recta | capillary-like blood cells that surround loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons (deep in renal medulla) |
| Vasa recta, loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons, nearby collecting tubules/ducts | three components of the kidney’s urine-concentrating mechanism |
| Renal vein | ultimately, drains blood from each kidney; empties into inferior vena cava |
| Nephrons | fundamental structural and functional units of the kidneys; microscopic and number above 1 million; produce urine |
| Renal corpuscle, renal tubule | Parts of nephron |
| Renal corpuscle | consists of cup-like structure called Bowman’s/glomerular capsule plus the glomerulus/glomerular capillaries surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule; all located in renal cortex |
| Renal tubule | consists of three portions in order-proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule |
| Proximal convoluted tubule | extends from Bowman’s capsule and coils around renal cortex |
| Descending limb of the loop of Henle | extends from proximal convoluted tubule and dips only very slightly or extensively down into the renal medulla, depending on nephron type |
| Ascending limb of the loop of Henle | courses upward from renal medulla and enters renal cortex, thus leading to distal convoluted tubule |
| Distal convoluted tubule | extends from end fo the loop of Henle and coils around in renal cortex; ends by emptying into a collecting duct/tubule |
| Collecting duct/tubule | courses through renal cortex and renal medulla to empty the urine it’s carrying into a minor calyx just beyond the tip/papilla of a renal pyramid |
| Collecting ducts/tubules | ducts receive urine from distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons and extend inward from renal cortex to enter and pass through renal pyramids of the medulla; at papilla of renal pyramids, empty urine into minor calyces |
| Glomerulus/glomerular capillaries | tuft of capillaries surrounded by bowman’s/glomerular capsule; blood pressure significantly higher than that of other capillary beds—necessary for 1st step of urine production, glomerular filtration; also facilitating glom. filtration is fenestrations |
| Bowman’s/Glomerular capsule | cup shaped, hollow capsule surrounding glomerulus/glomerular capillaries; has parietal and visceral layer; visceral layer clings to glomerular capillaries and consists of octopus shaped podocytes |
| Foot processes/pedicels | endings of podocyte branches, between which are filtration slits |
| Filtration slits | between foot processes/pedicels; allow fluid (water) and small solute molecules to pass through into capsular space |
| Filtration membrane/filtration barrier | composite filter that lies between the glomerular blood and capsular space; consists of 3 layers—fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, filtration slits b/t pedicels of podocytes, basement membrane |
Created by:
mbtrimm
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