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The process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms is called _________.
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A well-supported explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world is a _________.
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Biology
Ch 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms is called _________. | evolution |
| A well-supported explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world is a _________. | theory |
| T/F Charles Darwin contributed more to our understanding of evolution than anyone else. | true |
| T/F Charles Darwin was born in 1809. | true |
| T/F Charles Darwin was an English naturalist. | true |
| T/F Charles Darwin was 42 when he began the voyage on the Beagle. | false |
| T/F Charles Darwin's voyage lasted 5 years and took him around the world. | true |
| T/F Darwin was looking for a scientific explanation for the diversity of life on Earth. | true |
| T/F Darwin's observations: An enormous number of species inhabit Earth. | true |
| T/F Darwin's observations: Many organisms seem to be poorly suited to their environment. | false |
| T/F Darwin's observations: The same sorts of animals are always found in the same ecosystems in different parts of the world. | false |
| T/F Darwin's observations : Some species that lived in the past no longer live on Earth. | true |
| The preserved remains of ancient organisms are called ______ | fossils |
| As Darwin studies fossils, what new questions arose? | Why had so many of these species disappeared? How were they related to living species? |
| T/F Of all the Beagle's ports of call, the one that influence Darwin the most was the Galapagos Islands. | true |
| T/F The islands are far apart. | false |
| T/F The smallest, lowest ilands are how and wet. | false |
| T/F The higher islands have more rainfall. | true |
| T/F All the islands have the same amount of vegetation | false |
| How did Darwin explain differences in shell shape of tortoises from Hood Island and Isabela Island? | The shape of the shell corresponds to different habitates (hood-curved b/c veg. = scarces ) (Isabela-dome b/c veg. = low to ground) |
| Darwin observed that small shaped brown birds on the Galapagos Islands differed in the shape of their ______ | beaks |
| What did Darwin think about on his journey home to England? | He thought about his findings and the patterns of his findings ( characteristics varied ) |
| After he returned to England, what hypothesis did Darwin develop to explain his findings? | Darwin wondered if animals living on different islands had once been members of the same species. These separate species would have evolved from an original south american ancestor from one another. |
| Two scientists who helped Darwin and others recognize how old Earth is were _______ and _______. | James Hutton and Charles Lyell |
| T/F Earth is a few thousand years old. | false |
| T/F Layers of rock are moved by forces beneath Earth's surface | true |
| T/F Most geological processes operate extremely slowly. | true |
| T/F The processes that changed Earth in the past are different from the processes that operate in the present. | false |
| T/F Lyell's book, Principles of Geology, was published after Darwin returned from his voyage. | false |
| T/F Lyells work explained how awesome geological features could be built up or torn down over long periods of time | true |
| T/F His publications helped DArwin appreciate the significance of the geological phenomena that he had observed. | true |
| T/F He stressed that scientists must explain past events in terms of processes that they can actually observe. | true |
| In what two ways did an understanding of geology influence Darwin? | 1Darwin asked himself: if the earth could change over time, might life change as well? 2Realized that it would have taken many years for life to change in the way he suggested |
| T/F Lamarch was among the 1st scientists to recognize that living things have changed over time. | true |
| T/F Lamarch proposed that all organisms have an innate tendency toward complexity and perfection. | true |
| How did Lamarck propose that species change over time? | organisms can alter the size and shape of particular organs by using their bodies in new ways |
| How did Lamarck pave the way for the work of later biologists? | He was one of the 1st to develop a scientific theory of evolution and realize that organisms are adapted to their environment |
| T/F Malthus was an important influence on Darwin. | true |
| T/F Malthus was an English naturalist | false |
| T/F Malthus believed that war, famine, and disease limit the growth of populations. | true |
| T/F Malthus' views were ingluenced by conditions in 20th century England. | false |
| T/F the overwhelming majority of a species' offspring survive. | false |
| T/F When Darwin returned to England, he rushed to publish his thoughts about evolution. | false |
| The naturalist whose essay gave Darwin an incentive to publish his own work was __________. | Alfred Russel Wallace |
| T/F On the Origin of Species was published in 1869. | false |
| T/F On the Origin of Species was ignored when it was 1st published. | false |
| T/F On the Origin of species contained evidence for evolution. | true |
| T/F On the Origin of Species described natural selection | true |
| Differences among individuals of a species are referred to as _______. | natural variation |
| T/F Natural variation is found only in wild organisms in nature. | false |
| T/F Artificial Selection AKA Selective breeding. | true |
| T/F Artificial selection occurs when humans select natural variations they find useful. | true |
| T/F Artificial selection produces organisms that look very different from their ancestors. | true |
| T/F Artificial selections is no longer used today | false |
| What was Darwin's greatest contribution? | A scientific hypothesis to explain how evolution occurs |
| T/F What does the phrase struggle for existence mean? | Members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities of life |
| What is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival? | adaptation |
| What is natural selection? | Survival of the fittest |
| What is the ability of an individula to survive and reproduce in its specific environment? | fitness |
| T/F Adaptations can be physical characteristics but not more complex features such as behavior. | false |
| Explain what Darwin meant by the phrase survival of the fittest | Individuals that are better suited to the environment survive and reproduce most successfully |
| T/F Natural selection selects traits that increase fitness | true |
| T/F Natural selection takes place w/o human control. | true |
| T/F Natural selection can be observed directly in nature | false |
| T/F Natural selection leads to an i ncrease in a species' fitness. | true |
| The principle that living species descend, with changes, from other species over time is referred to as _______ | descent w/ modification |
| T/F Descent w/ modification implies that all living organisms are related to one another. | true |
| T/F The principle that all species were derived from common ancestors is known as ________ | common descent |
| T/F Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on Earth for thousands of years. | false |
| Evidence for evolution can be found in ... | 1fossil record 2geographical distribution of living species 3homologous structures of living organsims 4similarities in early development |
| How do fossils that formed in different rock layers provide evidence for evolution? | Fossils that had formed in the different layers of rock were evidence of gradual change over time |
| How did Darwin explain the distribution of the finch species on the Galapagos Islands? | They had descended w/ modification from a common mainland ancestor. 2 They had become more similar to one another after arriving on the Galapagos |
| How did Darwin explain the existence of similar but unrelated species? | Species now living of dif. continents have descende from dif. ancestors. B/c some animals on each continent were living under similar ecological conditions, they were exposed to similar pressures of natural selection. |
| Structures that have dif. mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues are called ______ | homologous structures |
| T/F Homologous structures provide strong evidence that all four-limbed animals w/ backbones have descended w/ modifications from common ancestors. | true |
| Organs that are so reduce in size that are just vestiges, or traces, of homologous organs in toehr species are called____________ | vestigial organs |
| T/F Darwsin theory was profoundly dif. from anything know in the 19th century England. | true |
| What is the satus of Darwin's theory today? | Continues to be upheld by research |
| Darwins theory of evolution | Variation in nature, struggle for existence, species change over time |
| According to Darwins theory, what happens to individuals whos characteristics are not well suited to their environment? | die or leave fewer offspring |
| Darwin believed that all organsims on Earth are untied into a single tree of life by ________ | common descent |
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