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Micro (Bacterial Gen
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the steps of transduction? | Penetration of bacterial cell envelope by viral genome. Virus is carrying DNA from another bacteria Viral gene replication, typically with host gene shutdown • Packaging of newly produced virions (which may include host bacterium DNA) |
| What are the steps of conjugation? | • Pilus brings cell to cell • Single strand of DNA is passed to recipient F-; remaining strand replicates in donor • Single strand replicates in recipient |
| What are the steps of transformation? | the uptake of 'naked' DNA; i.e., another organism is not necessarily present• double-stranded DNA binds to cell surface receptor • one strand is degraded; the other enters competent cells |
| What are the 3 ways of aquiring exogenous DNA? | • Transformation • Transduction • Conjugation |
| What are antimicrobial resistance genes? | • Enzymatic breakdown of antimicrobial agent • Alteration of target molecule on the pathogen, disrupting the agent’s ability to bind • Reduced uptake or enhanced removal of the agent from the pathogen |
| What is passed during conjugation? | F plasmid or F factor |
| What is a bacteriophage? | • Viruses which use bacterial cells as hosts |
| What are integrons? | • Serve to accumulate multiple antibiotic resistance genes under the control of a single promoter |
| What are transponsons? | • Small segment of DNA (flanked by insertion sequences) that can move from one region of a DNA molecule to another; non-homologous replication |
| What are pathogenicity islands? | of virulence associated genes • originally horizontally transferred across species lines |
| What are plasmids? | • Most plasmids are circular and <1% the size of the host chromosome • Plasmids can be transferred by conjugation, transduction and transformation |
| Describe mutation | • DNA > transcribed into mRNA > translated into protein • Alterations in DNA base sequence result in alterations in amino acid sequence and thus proteins which are non functional or have altered function |
| What are recombinants? | • Cells which integrate such received DNA into their DNA |
| How does exogenous DNA get into the cell? | – recipient DNA is cleaved by DNAse – matching donor fragment is linked to recipient strand via DNA ligase. Ligase is an enzyme that puts fragments together. – DNAse then degrades replaced recipient sequences |
| What is competence? | • competence is a unique physiological state found only in a low percentage of individuals within a few genera of bacteria |
| What are the 2 things in which a virus can be expressed in a cell? | lysogenic and lytic cycle |
| What is the lysogenic cycle? | Host growth with viral genes replicated but not expressed is referred to as the lysogenic cycle - Lytic phase may be induced later via the inactivation of repressor proteins. |
| What is the lytic cycle? | Host cell lysis followed by release of large numbers of virions; |
| What is lysogenic conversion? | - Bacterial replication includes replication of incorporated viral genes. If prophage genes become active following the process it is referred to as lysogenic conversion |
| What is Hfr? | high frequency recombinant |
Created by:
bspeight
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