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AIDS Ch 3
Answer | Hint |
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Blood | a system of circulating cells and fluids that carries out many important functions for the body |
Functions of blood | transport of nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues, elimination of waste products and carbon dioxide from tissues, would repair and protection from infection by foreign agents. |
Plasma | the cell-free fluid portion of blood |
Serum | obtained from isolated blood by letting it stand and clot |
Virus | small subcellular agents |
Bacteria | small, single-cell microrgs, which have relatively simple genetic material |
Examples of bacteria induced things | Tuberculosis and typhoid fever |
Protozoa | single-cell microrgs that contain ore complicated genetic structures. |
Examples of protozoa | amoebas and Giardia |
Fungi | more complex microrgs that may exist as single cells or maybe organized into simple multicellular orgs |
Example of fungi | yeasts and molds |
Multicellular parasites | relatively large orgs such as roundworms and tapeworms |
Three kinds of blood vessels | arteries, veins, and capillaries |
Arteries function | carry blood away from the heart to the body tissues |
Veins' function | carrys blood back to the heart from the tissues |
Capillaries | thin-walled vessels in the tissues that connect the arteries with the veins, allow exchange of oxygen, nutrients and wastes betw the blood and tissues |
Cells life span | 1-2 days or sev weeks, therefore must be continually replenished |
stem cells | in bone marrow; replenish cells |
What do stem cells first develop into? | commited precursors which either divide or differentiate into mature blood cells of a particular kind |
Growth factors | needed for stem cells or committed pre to divide or differentiate |
Ex of growth factor | interleukin 2 IL2 required by T lymphs |
Red blood cells, erythrocytes | many, only single cell type; |
Function of red blood cells | carry oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide away from them; |
Hemoglobin | binds and carries oxygen and carbon dioxide within them. Gives blood red color. |
white blood cells, leukocytes | fewer in number; several types |
Megakaryoctyes | large white blood cells tha bud off subcellular fragments called platelets. |
Platelets | circulate thru bloodstream and cause a clot if there is a break in blood vessel (wound repair) |
Lymphocytes | respond to a specific foreign agent of substance or antigens |
Cells that are not specific for the foreign agent they attack | phagocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, and natural killer cells |
Phagocytes | cells that attack and eliminate foreign cells or bacteria by engulfing or eating them |
2 kinds of phagocytes | macrophages and neutrophils |
Macrophages | generally attack and engulf cells infected with viruses |
Neutrophil | generally attack foreign bacteria |
Function of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils | Attack infectious agents that are too large to be engulfted by a single blood cell e.g protozoa and worms |
Antibodies | bind to the foreign agent in a specific fashion which tells phagocytes, mast or eosino to attack. |
Antigen | a molecule or sub against which lymphocytes raise a response |
B-lymphocytes | secrete soluble proteins called antibodies into the ciculatory system |
Neutralizing antibodies | bind directly and inhibit the funtion of infectious agents such as viruses |
T lymphocytes | make proteins (receptors) that recognize specific antigens. T do not release receptors, therefore T cell binds, not just receptor. |
T Killer, cytotoxic | directly bind to cells carrying a foreign antigen |
T helper | interact with B lymph or T killer and help them respond to antigens; CD4 |
Natural killer cells | attacks and kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells |