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Peptidoglycan
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Ch. 27 Campbell Bio

Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archae

QuestionAnswer
Peptidoglycan A type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides
Gram Stain A staining method that distinguishes between two kinds of bacterial cell walls
Gram-positive Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria; usually less toxis
Gram-negative Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglyan than te cell wall of gram-positive bacteria; often more toxic
Capsule A sticky layer that surrounds the cell wall of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes glue cells together
Fimbriae A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells
Plasmids A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome
Endospores A thick-coated resistant cell produced by a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions
Transduction A type of horizontal gene transfer in which phages carry bacterial DNA from one host cell to another
Conjugation In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined
F Factor In bacteria, the DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient
F Plasmid The plasmid form of the F factor
R Plasmid A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics
Photoautotrophs An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide
Chemoautotrophs An organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances
Photoheterotrophs An organism that uses light to generate ATP but must contain carbon in organic form
Chemoheterotrophs An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon
Obligate aerobes An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it
Obligate anaerobes An organim that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it
Anaerobic Respiration The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of the electron transport chain
Facultative anaerobes An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present
Nitrogen Fixation The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which had mutualistic relationships with plants
Heterocytes A specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria
Biofilms A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation
Extremeophiles An organism that lives in an environment whose conditions are so extreme that few other species can survive there.
Extreme halophiles An organism that lives in a highly saline environment such as the Dead Sea
Extreme thermophiles An organism that thrives in hot environments
Methanogens An organism that obtains energy by using carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen, producing methane as a waste product
Decomposers An organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses and converts them to inorganic forms
Symbiosis An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact
Host The larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, serving as home and food source for the smaller symbiont
Mutualism A symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit
Commensalism A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed
Parasitism A symbiotic relationship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host
Parasite An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues or body fluids of another species while in or on the host organism; usually do not kill host
Pathogen An organism or virus that causes disease
Created by: 726621891
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