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AFF
aff test one
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do oragnisms function(problems that must be solved)? | food and feeding, digestion, respiration, transport of gases in blood, cirulation of blood, elimination of waste, detection and processing of sensory information, generation and coordinateion of movement, reproduction |
| Comparative Physiology | examines how different organisms solve the same problems |
| How are all of the functions within an organism regulated to produce a smooth-functioning organism? | homeostasis |
| Homeostasis | the maintenance of a constant internal state |
| What is feedback? | regulatory mechanism; can be either negative or positive |
| What is used to control the processes in the organism that indluence the internal level of the variable? | sensory information |
| Negatice Feedback | a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored by receptors triggers a response by effectors that counteracts the initial fluctuation, keeping the variable at or near its set point |
| Positive Feedback | a change in some variable triggers effectors that amplify the change, thereby taking the variable further away from the set point |
| Regulation | change in an organism's environment induce internal body changes that maintain the internal environment over a tange of external environment changes |
| Conformity | change in an organism's environment induce internal body changes that parallel the external conditions |
| Can an organism be a regulator for one factor and a conformer for another? | yes |
| How do organisms respond to changes in their environment within their lifetime? | abiotic and biotic |
| Abiotic | nonliving; referring to physical and chemical properties of an environment |
| Biotic | pertaining to the living organisms in the environment |
| How have organisms "gained the ability" to deal with problems posed by their environment? | adaptation and evolution by natural selection |
| Fundamentals of evolution by natural selection | variation in trait; heritale component to that variation; differential survival and reproduction |
| What is a restriction on natural selection? | selection can only operate on structues, processes, behaviors, that are already present |
| Adaptation | a process of genetic change of a population due to natural selection; the average state of a character becomes improved with reference to a specific function; a population is thought to have become better suited to some feature of its environment |
| Acclimatization | physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal that results from the animal's chronic exposure to new, naturally occuring environmental conditions in the animal's native environment |
| Acclimation | physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal that results from the animal's chronic exposure to new conditions that are induced experimentally in the labratory or field by an investigator |
| What is the order of analysis? | molecular - cellular - tissue/organ - organ system - organism |
| What techniques for studying physiology were developed first? | organism level |
| What is the emergent property? | an organism is more than the sum of its parts |
| Tissue | aggregation of cells that have similar structure and function |
| Histology | the study of microscopic anatomy of different tissue types |
| The entire body is composed of what four major types of tissues? | muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial |
| Muscle Tissue | specialized for contraction |
| Skeletal muscle | causes movement of the skeleton; voluntary; striated; individual cells are fibers and myofibers; each fiber recieves nervous input that controls contraction |
| Cardiac Muscle | involuntary; myocardial cells - short, branched, and interconnected; cells connected mechanically and electrically by intercalated discs |
| Smooth Muscle | digestive tract, blood vessels; involuntary; not striated; cells arranged circularly |
| Nervous Tissue | glia and neurons |
| Glia | non-conductive cells of the nercous system; provide mechanical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation to neurons; outnumbered 5 to 1 |
| Neurons | electrically-conductive cells of the nervous system |
| Soma(cell body) | contains nucleus, metabolic center of the cell |
| Dendrites | cytoplasmic extension that recieves info from sensory cells or other neurons |
| Axon | single cytoplasmic extension that conducts electrical pulses to other neurons or to the effector |
| Epithelial classification(shapes) | squamous, columnar, cubodial |
| Epithelial classification(number of layers) | simple, stratified, pseudostratified |
| Simple squamous | thin, goof for diffusion across walls of capillaries, walls of alveoli in lungs |
| simple columnar | secretion and absorbtion; lining of intestine |
| stratified squamous | tough; resists abrasion and acts as a barrior; lining of uterine cervix; epidermis of skin |
| simple cubodial | specialized for secretion; kidney tubules; thyroid glandl many exocrine glands |
| Epithelial Glands | derived from epithelial membranes; endocrine and exocrine glands |
| Connective Tissue | areolar, fibrous, adipose |
| Areolar Tissue | fibroblasts, macrophages; binds epithelia to underlyin tissues and holds organs in place; collagenous, elastic, reticular |
| Fibroblasts | secrete protein fibers of ECM |
| Macrophages | engulf bacteria and dead cells |
| Fibroud CT | high density of collagenous fibers in ECM arranged in parallel bundles; maximized nonelastic strength; found in tendons, ligaments |
| Adipose CT | protects, stores fat, insulates |
| Cartilage | composed of chondrocytes, semisolid ground substance that gives some elastic properties; hylaine, elastic, fibrocartilage |
| Hyaline Cartilage | ECM appears glassy due to low concentrations of protein fibers; decreases friction at joing; on ends of long bones and ribs |
| Elastic Cartilage | ECM contains lots of protein elastin; able to rebound when distorted; external ear |
| Fibrocartilage | ECM contains lots of collagen; resis compresseive forved; in intervertebral discs |
| Bone | osteoblasts secrete calcium-containing products; cells become entrapped in bone and referred to as osteocytes |
| Osteoclasts | involved in removing/recycling exsisting bone |
| Blood | abundant fluid in ECM; contains water, salts, dissolved proteins; Erthrocytes, leukocytes and platelets |
| Erythrocytes | RBC; carry oxygen |
| Leukocytes | WBC; defense against viruses, bacteria, and other invaders |
| Platelets | cell fragments involved in blood clotting |
| Organ | a structure in the body composed of two of more primary tissues that perform specific functions |
| Organ Systems | organs that are located in different regions of the body and that perform related functions |
Created by:
heidifrynkewicz
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