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Adv. Biology Sem. I
Advanced Biology - Fall Semester I Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The earth was formed as a hot mass of molten rock about ____ years ago | 4.6 |
| An atmosphere rich in hydrogen atoms and electrons while having little to no oxygen atoms | Reducing atmosphere |
| Theory of the origin of life which proposes that life may have been put on earth by supernatural or divine forces | Special creation |
| Theory which proposes that meteors or cosmic dust may have carried significant amounts of organic molecules to earth | Panspermia |
| Experiment which proved that the origin of life was possible in atmosphere present on early earth | Miller/Urey |
| Building blocks of life | Amino acids |
| Earliest evidence of life appears in ____ | Microfossils |
| Archaebacteria that survive in environments with little to no oxygen are said to be ____ | Anaerobic |
| All organisms consist of one or more cells | Cellular organization |
| All organisms responds to stimuli | Sensitivity |
| All living things assimilate energy and use it to increase in size or number of cells | Growth |
| All organisms undergo systematic gene-directed changes as they grow and mature | Development |
| All living things pass their traits on from one generation to the next | Reproduction |
| All organisms have regulatory mechanisms that coordinate internal processes | Regulation |
| All living things maintain relatively constant internal conditions, different from their environment | Homeostasis |
| All organisms on earth possess a genetic system based on the replication of DNA | Heredity |
| The evolution of cells required early ____ to assemble into functional interdependent units | Organic molecules |
| Describes the probable origin of the mitochondria and chloroplasts within cells | Endosymbiotic theory |
| Biologists laced living organisms into six general categories called ____ | Kingdoms |
| Theory states that all cells come from already living cells; except for the first which were generated spontaneously by early earth conditions | Primary abiogenesis |
| Panspermia and spontaneous origin are the only ____ hypotheses of life's origin currently available | Testable |
| Extreme halophiles and thermophiles are both types of ____. | Archaebacteria |
| Process of producing offspring, with two copies of each chromosome by fertilization | Sexual reproduction |
| Organisms which have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles | Eukaryotes |
| Second major group of bacteria with very strong cell walls and a simple gene structure | Eubacteria |
| Chemical-concentrating bubble-like structures | Protobionts |
| Complex, organized assemblages of molecules enclosed within membranes | Cells |
| Most animals and plants reproduce by ____ | Sexual reproduction |
| Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions with no ____ between them | DNA replication |
| Chromosomes pair intimately and, during synapsis, pair together to that genetic material can be shared between them | Homologous chromosomes |
| The adult human body is made up of roughly _____ | 100 trillion cells |
| The second meiotic division is like a mitotic division, but results in ____ daughter cells | Four nonidentical |
| Cell formed from the fusion of egg and sperm | Zygote |
| Body cells | Somatic cells |
| Stage of prophase I begins when synapsis is complete and can last for many days | Pachytene |
| Result of meiosis I and II are ____ haploid daughter cells | Four |
| Diakinesis is followed by what phase of meiosis? | Metaphase I |
| Pull the homologous chromosomes apart during anaphase I | Microtubules |
| Meiosis is a _____ process | Continuous |
| Chromosomes condense tightly in what stage of prophase I? | Leptotene |
| Hold homologues together during the process of crossing over | Synaptonemal complex |
| Prophase and metaphase make up ____ of the time spent in meiosis | 90% |
| In telophase I, the sister chromatids are not identical due to ____ | Crossing over |
| Large protein assemblies that aid in the process of crossing over | Recombination nodules |
| End result of meiosis is four ___ daughter cells | Haploid |
| Sexual reproduction does not ____ chromosome number | Increase |
| In sexual reproduction, haploid cells or organisms alternate with diploid cells or organisms | Alternation of generations |
| X-shaped structures observed when there is a genetic transfer between homologous chromosomes | Chiasma |
| Sexual reproduction plays a key role in generating tremendous ____ which is the raw material of evolution | Genetic diversity |
| Fusion of gametes to produce a new cell is called ____ or syngamy | Fertilization |
| Some forms of a character are more likely to be _____ than their alternatives | Represented |
| Some forms of an inherited character ____ among the offspring of a cross | Segregate |
| Heritable feature is also known as a ___ | Character |
| Father of genetics | Gregor mendel |
| Characteristic ratios found to exist in Mendel's offspring generations | Mendelian ratios |
| Mendel's first law of heredity is known as ____ | Law of segregation |
| Frequency of any particular possibility is referred to as its ___ | Probability |
| Most characters reflect the action of ____; when multiple genes act jointly to influence a character | Polygenes |
| Differences between humans are both inherited and affected by the ____ | Environment |
| Abnormal gland secretion, leading to liver degeneration and lung failure | Cystic fibrosis |
| Defective hemoglobin causing red blood cells to curve and stick together | Sickle cell disease |
| Degeneration of nervous system, starting at middle age | Huntington's disease |
| Extra fingers and toes | Polydactyly |
| Inability to form blood clots | Hemophilia |
| Inability to straighten the little finger | Camptodactyly |
| Lack of melanin pigmentation | Albinism |
| Presence of hair on the middle segment of fingers | Middigital hair |
| Short fingers | Brachydactyly |
| Wasting way of muscles during childhood | Muscular dystrophy |
| ____ dominance is when the offspring is an intermediate between both parents | Incomplete |
| Evidence when the phenotypes is representative of both parental phenotypes | Codominance |
| Exchange of genetic information across chromosome arms | Genetic recombination |
| A(n) ___ allele is one which has more than one effect on the phenotype of an individual | Pleiotropic |
| Characteristic which differs strikingly from normal organisms of the same species | Mutant |
| Breeding experiment between two individuals that differ in two traits | Dihybrid cross |
| Central role for chromosomes in heredity was first suggest in the 1900s by ___ | Karl Correns |
| Collaborative effort to sequence the entire human genome | Human Genome Project |
| Three or more genes that are located on the same chromosome | Syntenic genes |
| One gene interferes with the expression of another | Epistasis |
| Characteristics that can be passed only from one living thing to its young | Traits |
| Alleles paired together for a specific trait are identical | Homozygous |
| When one allele masks the presence of another | Dominant |
| An allele that is masked by another | Recessive |
| All the forms of a gene for any given trait | Allele |
| Grid system used to determine possible genotypes of offspring | Study of heredity |
| Physical result of a gene combination | Phenotype |
| Genetic make-up, or combination, of an organism | Genotype |
| Alleles paired together that are different from each other | Heterozygous |
| 22 pairs of perfectly matched chromosomes in both males and females | Autosomes |
| A female with only one X chromosome (XO) | Turner syndrome |
| An individual resulting from an XXY zygote | Klinefelter's syndrome |
| Gene located on Y chromosome which plays a key role in development of male characteristics | SRY |
| Homologues or sister chromatids fail to separate properly in meiosis | Primary nondisjunction |
| Humans who've lost one copy of an autosome | Monosomic |
| Inactivated X chromosomes | Barr body |
| Individuals with an extra copy of an autosome | Trisomic |
| Trisomy 21 | Down syndrome |
| X and Y chromosome | Sex chromosomes |
| The actual synthesis of DNA of E. Coli is the function of | Polymerase III |
| The sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is usually expressed in the ___ direction | 5' to 3' |
| First nuclear transplant from an animal to an egg that produced a normal adult was performed on a ___ | Frog |
| ___ is a complex containing catalytic subunits, proofreading subunits, and sliding clamp subunits | Polymerase III |
| Since the first nucleotides cannot be linked in a newly synthesized strand in DNA replication, ____ is required | RNA primer |
| Okasaki fragments are used to elongate the ____ away from the replication fork | Lagging strand |
| In nucleic acids, the free hydroxyl group is attached to the ____ carbon of the sugar | 3' |
| Single enzyme is specified by a single ___ | Gene |
| Hammerling chose Acetabularia as his model organisms because it was large and _____ | Differentiated |
| Each individual zone of a chromosome replicates as a discrete section called a(n) ____ | Replication unit |
| Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another that can alter the genetic makeup of a recipient cell | Transformation |
| Non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomenon | Model organism |
| Virus that specifically attacks bacterial cells | Bacteriophage |
| Units of hereditary information | Genes |
| Created today's 3D model of a strand of DNA | Watson and Crick |
| Dehydration bond formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of another | Phosphodiester bond |
| DNA molecule is a double helix with the strands held together by ____ | Base-pairing |
| Guanine pairs with... | Cytosine |
| Thymine pairs with... | Adenine |
| In RNA, the base ____ replaces thymine | Uracil |
| DNA replication is called ____ because half of the original duplex appears in the duplex formed in replication | Semiconservative |
| Helix is opened and untwisted by | Helicase |
| Each unit of nucleic acid consisting of a sugar, attached phosphate group and a base | Nucleotid |
| Join DNA fragments to the lagging strand | Ligases |
| DNA is made up of a phosphate group, an organic base and .... | A sugar |
| Unwinds the double helix | Helicase |
| Synthesizes RNA primers | Primase |
| Synthesizes DNA | DNA polymerase III |
| Structure formed by actively dividing strand of DNA | Replication fork |
| Stabilizes single-stranded regions | Single-stranded binding protein |
| Relieves torque | DNA gyrase |
| Erases primer and fills gaps | DNA polymerase I |
| Joins the ends of DNA segments | DNA ligase |
| Change in the ____ of a portion of the genetic message is referred to as recombination | Position |
| Change in the content of the genetic message - base sequence of one or more genes | Mutation |
| All ____ begins with alterations in the genetic message | Evolution |
| The DNA in any multicellular organism is the final result of a long series of ____ | Replications |
| Genetic message can be altered in two broad ways: mutation and ____ | Recombination |
| Exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells | Conjugation |
| Encode proteins that prevent binding of cyclins | Tumor-suppressor genes |
| ____ in a chromosome have an effect on recombination | Inversions |
| Primary effect of UV radiation is the the production of... | Pyrimidine dimers |
| The price of smoking a pack of cigarettes is ____ hours of one's life | 3.5 |
| Slipped mispairing may cause deletions resulting in ____ | Frame-shift mutations |
| Cells leave a tumor and spread throughout the body | Metastasis |
| RSV is a ____ associated with chicken sarcomas | Virus |
| ___ when individual genes that may move from one place in the genome to another | Transposition |
| Cause gene to be read in the wrong three-base groupings | Frame-shift mutation |
| Changes in gene position affect ____ of genes | Expression |
| Alterations that involve only one or a few base pairs in the coding sequence | Point mutation |
| Mutations in ____ tissues are not passed from one generation to the next | Somatic |
| Encoded protein contains large piece of meaningless information in between its actual base pairs, leaving it incapable of performing its set function | Insertional inactivation |
| Component of sunlight which is greatly absorbed by pyrimidines | Ultraviolet radiation |
| Double covalent bond formed between two pyrimidines | Pyrimidine dimer |
| High energy forms of radiation | Ionizing radiation |
| Mobile bits of DNA | Transposons |
| Orientation of a portion of chromosome is reversed | Inversion |
| Results when both phosphodiester bonds of DNA helix break | Double-strand break |
| Segment of one chromosome becomes part of another chromosome | Translocation |
| Unequal crossing over tends to cause an increase in the number of ____ of a gene | Copies |
| Carcinomas are tumors arising from ____ | Epithelial tissue |
| Chromosomal rearrangement may result in____ | Aneuploidy |
| Pyrimidine dimers are | Double covalent bonds |
| Mutations that impact evolution most occur in ____ | Germ-line cells |
| Cluster of cells produced by uncontrolled cell division | Tumor |
| Uncontrolled cell proliferation | Cancer |
| Cancer causing chemicals | Mutagens |
| Test for whether or not a specific chemical may cause cancer | Ames test |
| Type of cancer which is responsible for the most cancer-related deaths in the US | Lung cancer |
| Cancer-causing genes | Oncogene |
| Protein which signals the initiation of cell division | Epidermal growth factor |
| Work implied that the position of genes is not constant | McClintock |
| Small, circular extra-chromosomal DNA segments | Plasmids |
| Transfer of genes between bacteria | Conjugation |
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SavannahElkins
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