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Adv. Biology Sem. I
Advanced Biology - Fall Semester I Test
Question | Answer |
---|---|
The earth was formed as a hot mass of molten rock about ____ years ago | 4.6 |
An atmosphere rich in hydrogen atoms and electrons while having little to no oxygen atoms | Reducing atmosphere |
Theory of the origin of life which proposes that life may have been put on earth by supernatural or divine forces | Special creation |
Theory which proposes that meteors or cosmic dust may have carried significant amounts of organic molecules to earth | Panspermia |
Experiment which proved that the origin of life was possible in atmosphere present on early earth | Miller/Urey |
Building blocks of life | Amino acids |
Earliest evidence of life appears in ____ | Microfossils |
Archaebacteria that survive in environments with little to no oxygen are said to be ____ | Anaerobic |
All organisms consist of one or more cells | Cellular organization |
All organisms responds to stimuli | Sensitivity |
All living things assimilate energy and use it to increase in size or number of cells | Growth |
All organisms undergo systematic gene-directed changes as they grow and mature | Development |
All living things pass their traits on from one generation to the next | Reproduction |
All organisms have regulatory mechanisms that coordinate internal processes | Regulation |
All living things maintain relatively constant internal conditions, different from their environment | Homeostasis |
All organisms on earth possess a genetic system based on the replication of DNA | Heredity |
The evolution of cells required early ____ to assemble into functional interdependent units | Organic molecules |
Describes the probable origin of the mitochondria and chloroplasts within cells | Endosymbiotic theory |
Biologists laced living organisms into six general categories called ____ | Kingdoms |
Theory states that all cells come from already living cells; except for the first which were generated spontaneously by early earth conditions | Primary abiogenesis |
Panspermia and spontaneous origin are the only ____ hypotheses of life's origin currently available | Testable |
Extreme halophiles and thermophiles are both types of ____. | Archaebacteria |
Process of producing offspring, with two copies of each chromosome by fertilization | Sexual reproduction |
Organisms which have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles | Eukaryotes |
Second major group of bacteria with very strong cell walls and a simple gene structure | Eubacteria |
Chemical-concentrating bubble-like structures | Protobionts |
Complex, organized assemblages of molecules enclosed within membranes | Cells |
Most animals and plants reproduce by ____ | Sexual reproduction |
Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions with no ____ between them | DNA replication |
Chromosomes pair intimately and, during synapsis, pair together to that genetic material can be shared between them | Homologous chromosomes |
The adult human body is made up of roughly _____ | 100 trillion cells |
The second meiotic division is like a mitotic division, but results in ____ daughter cells | Four nonidentical |
Cell formed from the fusion of egg and sperm | Zygote |
Body cells | Somatic cells |
Stage of prophase I begins when synapsis is complete and can last for many days | Pachytene |
Result of meiosis I and II are ____ haploid daughter cells | Four |
Diakinesis is followed by what phase of meiosis? | Metaphase I |
Pull the homologous chromosomes apart during anaphase I | Microtubules |
Meiosis is a _____ process | Continuous |
Chromosomes condense tightly in what stage of prophase I? | Leptotene |
Hold homologues together during the process of crossing over | Synaptonemal complex |
Prophase and metaphase make up ____ of the time spent in meiosis | 90% |
In telophase I, the sister chromatids are not identical due to ____ | Crossing over |
Large protein assemblies that aid in the process of crossing over | Recombination nodules |
End result of meiosis is four ___ daughter cells | Haploid |
Sexual reproduction does not ____ chromosome number | Increase |
In sexual reproduction, haploid cells or organisms alternate with diploid cells or organisms | Alternation of generations |
X-shaped structures observed when there is a genetic transfer between homologous chromosomes | Chiasma |
Sexual reproduction plays a key role in generating tremendous ____ which is the raw material of evolution | Genetic diversity |
Fusion of gametes to produce a new cell is called ____ or syngamy | Fertilization |
Some forms of a character are more likely to be _____ than their alternatives | Represented |
Some forms of an inherited character ____ among the offspring of a cross | Segregate |
Heritable feature is also known as a ___ | Character |
Father of genetics | Gregor mendel |
Characteristic ratios found to exist in Mendel's offspring generations | Mendelian ratios |
Mendel's first law of heredity is known as ____ | Law of segregation |
Frequency of any particular possibility is referred to as its ___ | Probability |
Most characters reflect the action of ____; when multiple genes act jointly to influence a character | Polygenes |
Differences between humans are both inherited and affected by the ____ | Environment |
Abnormal gland secretion, leading to liver degeneration and lung failure | Cystic fibrosis |
Defective hemoglobin causing red blood cells to curve and stick together | Sickle cell disease |
Degeneration of nervous system, starting at middle age | Huntington's disease |
Extra fingers and toes | Polydactyly |
Inability to form blood clots | Hemophilia |
Inability to straighten the little finger | Camptodactyly |
Lack of melanin pigmentation | Albinism |
Presence of hair on the middle segment of fingers | Middigital hair |
Short fingers | Brachydactyly |
Wasting way of muscles during childhood | Muscular dystrophy |
____ dominance is when the offspring is an intermediate between both parents | Incomplete |
Evidence when the phenotypes is representative of both parental phenotypes | Codominance |
Exchange of genetic information across chromosome arms | Genetic recombination |
A(n) ___ allele is one which has more than one effect on the phenotype of an individual | Pleiotropic |
Characteristic which differs strikingly from normal organisms of the same species | Mutant |
Breeding experiment between two individuals that differ in two traits | Dihybrid cross |
Central role for chromosomes in heredity was first suggest in the 1900s by ___ | Karl Correns |
Collaborative effort to sequence the entire human genome | Human Genome Project |
Three or more genes that are located on the same chromosome | Syntenic genes |
One gene interferes with the expression of another | Epistasis |
Characteristics that can be passed only from one living thing to its young | Traits |
Alleles paired together for a specific trait are identical | Homozygous |
When one allele masks the presence of another | Dominant |
An allele that is masked by another | Recessive |
All the forms of a gene for any given trait | Allele |
Grid system used to determine possible genotypes of offspring | Study of heredity |
Physical result of a gene combination | Phenotype |
Genetic make-up, or combination, of an organism | Genotype |
Alleles paired together that are different from each other | Heterozygous |
22 pairs of perfectly matched chromosomes in both males and females | Autosomes |
A female with only one X chromosome (XO) | Turner syndrome |
An individual resulting from an XXY zygote | Klinefelter's syndrome |
Gene located on Y chromosome which plays a key role in development of male characteristics | SRY |
Homologues or sister chromatids fail to separate properly in meiosis | Primary nondisjunction |
Humans who've lost one copy of an autosome | Monosomic |
Inactivated X chromosomes | Barr body |
Individuals with an extra copy of an autosome | Trisomic |
Trisomy 21 | Down syndrome |
X and Y chromosome | Sex chromosomes |
The actual synthesis of DNA of E. Coli is the function of | Polymerase III |
The sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is usually expressed in the ___ direction | 5' to 3' |
First nuclear transplant from an animal to an egg that produced a normal adult was performed on a ___ | Frog |
___ is a complex containing catalytic subunits, proofreading subunits, and sliding clamp subunits | Polymerase III |
Since the first nucleotides cannot be linked in a newly synthesized strand in DNA replication, ____ is required | RNA primer |
Okasaki fragments are used to elongate the ____ away from the replication fork | Lagging strand |
In nucleic acids, the free hydroxyl group is attached to the ____ carbon of the sugar | 3' |
Single enzyme is specified by a single ___ | Gene |
Hammerling chose Acetabularia as his model organisms because it was large and _____ | Differentiated |
Each individual zone of a chromosome replicates as a discrete section called a(n) ____ | Replication unit |
Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another that can alter the genetic makeup of a recipient cell | Transformation |
Non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomenon | Model organism |
Virus that specifically attacks bacterial cells | Bacteriophage |
Units of hereditary information | Genes |
Created today's 3D model of a strand of DNA | Watson and Crick |
Dehydration bond formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of another | Phosphodiester bond |
DNA molecule is a double helix with the strands held together by ____ | Base-pairing |
Guanine pairs with... | Cytosine |
Thymine pairs with... | Adenine |
In RNA, the base ____ replaces thymine | Uracil |
DNA replication is called ____ because half of the original duplex appears in the duplex formed in replication | Semiconservative |
Helix is opened and untwisted by | Helicase |
Each unit of nucleic acid consisting of a sugar, attached phosphate group and a base | Nucleotid |
Join DNA fragments to the lagging strand | Ligases |
DNA is made up of a phosphate group, an organic base and .... | A sugar |
Unwinds the double helix | Helicase |
Synthesizes RNA primers | Primase |
Synthesizes DNA | DNA polymerase III |
Structure formed by actively dividing strand of DNA | Replication fork |
Stabilizes single-stranded regions | Single-stranded binding protein |
Relieves torque | DNA gyrase |
Erases primer and fills gaps | DNA polymerase I |
Joins the ends of DNA segments | DNA ligase |
Change in the ____ of a portion of the genetic message is referred to as recombination | Position |
Change in the content of the genetic message - base sequence of one or more genes | Mutation |
All ____ begins with alterations in the genetic message | Evolution |
The DNA in any multicellular organism is the final result of a long series of ____ | Replications |
Genetic message can be altered in two broad ways: mutation and ____ | Recombination |
Exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells | Conjugation |
Encode proteins that prevent binding of cyclins | Tumor-suppressor genes |
____ in a chromosome have an effect on recombination | Inversions |
Primary effect of UV radiation is the the production of... | Pyrimidine dimers |
The price of smoking a pack of cigarettes is ____ hours of one's life | 3.5 |
Slipped mispairing may cause deletions resulting in ____ | Frame-shift mutations |
Cells leave a tumor and spread throughout the body | Metastasis |
RSV is a ____ associated with chicken sarcomas | Virus |
___ when individual genes that may move from one place in the genome to another | Transposition |
Cause gene to be read in the wrong three-base groupings | Frame-shift mutation |
Changes in gene position affect ____ of genes | Expression |
Alterations that involve only one or a few base pairs in the coding sequence | Point mutation |
Mutations in ____ tissues are not passed from one generation to the next | Somatic |
Encoded protein contains large piece of meaningless information in between its actual base pairs, leaving it incapable of performing its set function | Insertional inactivation |
Component of sunlight which is greatly absorbed by pyrimidines | Ultraviolet radiation |
Double covalent bond formed between two pyrimidines | Pyrimidine dimer |
High energy forms of radiation | Ionizing radiation |
Mobile bits of DNA | Transposons |
Orientation of a portion of chromosome is reversed | Inversion |
Results when both phosphodiester bonds of DNA helix break | Double-strand break |
Segment of one chromosome becomes part of another chromosome | Translocation |
Unequal crossing over tends to cause an increase in the number of ____ of a gene | Copies |
Carcinomas are tumors arising from ____ | Epithelial tissue |
Chromosomal rearrangement may result in____ | Aneuploidy |
Pyrimidine dimers are | Double covalent bonds |
Mutations that impact evolution most occur in ____ | Germ-line cells |
Cluster of cells produced by uncontrolled cell division | Tumor |
Uncontrolled cell proliferation | Cancer |
Cancer causing chemicals | Mutagens |
Test for whether or not a specific chemical may cause cancer | Ames test |
Type of cancer which is responsible for the most cancer-related deaths in the US | Lung cancer |
Cancer-causing genes | Oncogene |
Protein which signals the initiation of cell division | Epidermal growth factor |
Work implied that the position of genes is not constant | McClintock |
Small, circular extra-chromosomal DNA segments | Plasmids |
Transfer of genes between bacteria | Conjugation |