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CPA - Chapter 1
Functional Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is bone mass? | The volume of bone in the body measured by mineral content. |
| Organic protein compounds, mainly in the form of collagen fiber, represent what percent of the bone? | 33% |
| What percent of the bone is composed of mineral? | 67% |
| What hardens bone tissue? | Calcium salts |
| What percentage of the body's calcium supply is stored in bone tissue? | 98% |
| What is osteopenia? | Refers to BMD that is lower than normal peak BMD but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis. |
| What is osteoporosis? | An irreversible decrease in mineralized bony tissue. |
| What does BMD stand for? | Bone mineral density. |
| The axial skeleton consists of what? | Skull Hyoid bone Vertebral column Rib cage |
| The appendicular skeleton consists of what? | Limbs and their respective girdles |
| The axial skeleton is designed to do what? | 1. Protect the central nervous system, heart and lungs. 2. Provide structural segment for erect posture. |
| The appendicular skeleton is designed to do what? | Supports locomotion and everyday movement |
| Provide an example of a long bone | Arms or legs |
| Provide an example of a short bone | Hands or feet |
| Provide an example of an irregular bone | Vertebra |
| Provide an example of a flat bone | Scapulae (broad connective surface) |
| What is appositional growth? | The addition of new layers on those previously formed. Characteristic of tissue formed of rigid materials. |
| What is endochondral growth? | Process of bone formation (lengthening) by which the cartilage model is replaced by bone (called endochondral ossification) |
| What is an epiphyseal plate? | Transverse ("extending across") cartilage plate near the end of a child's bone responsible for lengthening the bone (aka "growth plate"). |
| In most humans, what percentage of bone mass is reached by the age of 18? | 90% |
| What is bone mineral density? | The mineral content in a given volume of bone, used as a measure of bony health and in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. |
| The skull is made of what three primary bones? | 1. Cranium (skull cap) 2. Maxilla (upper jaw) 3. Mandible (lower jaw) |
| Humerus | Arm bone that holds biceps and triceps; connects to shoulder |
| Radius | Lateral forearm bone in anatomical position |
| Ulna | Medial forearm bone in anatomical position |
| Pelvis | Hips |
| Carpals | Wrist bones; connect forearm to metacarpals |
| Metacarpals | Hand bones; connect phalanges to carpals |
| Phalanges | Finger or toe bones; big toe and thumb have two bones each, the rest have three bones each |
| Femur | Leg bone that holds quadriceps and hamstrings; connects to pelvis |
| Patella | Knee cap |
| Fibula | Lateral shin bone; small |
| Tibia | Medial shin bone, large |
| Tarsals | Ankle bones; connect shin to metatarsals |
| Metatarsals | Foot bones; connect phalanges to tarsals |
| Calcaneus | Heel bone |
| How many vertebrae are in each section of the spinal column? | 1. Cervical = 7 2. Thoracic = 12 3. Lumbar = 5 4. Sacrum = 1 (5 fused) 5. Coccyx = 1 (4 or 5 fused) |
| Scapula | Shoulder plate |
| Joint | A point of articulation between two bones |
| What are the three joint types? | 1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial |
| Fibrous joint | Little or no movement |
| Cartilaginous joint | Composed of either hyaline cartilage (less flexible) or fibrocartilage (more flexible) |
| Hyaline cartilage | Tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue |
| Fibrocartilage | More flexible than hyaline cartilage and allows for greater movement capabilities |
| Synovial joint | Contains synovial fluid and enables considerable movement |
| Synovial membrane | Layer of connective tissue which lines the joint and produces synovial fluid |
| Joint capsule | Sac enclosing a joint, formed by an outer fibrous membrane and inner synovial membrane |
| What two types of membrane are contained in a joint capsule and where are they found? | 1. Fibrous - external 2. Synovial - internal |
| Periosteum | Dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones except at the joints. Serves as an attachment for muscles and tendons |
| Articular disc | Plate or ring of fibrocartilage attached to the joint capsule and separating the articular surfaces of the bones |
| Bursa | Fluid-filled sac that functions as a gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body |
| Hypermobility | Describes joints that stretch further than normal. Also referred to as "joint laxity" |
| Tendon | Connects muscles to bones |
| Ligament | Supports internal organs and holds bones together properly in joints |
| What are the six joint types and an example of each? | 1. Ball and socket (shoulder/hip) 2. Condyloid (wrist) 3. Hinge (elbow/knee/fingers/toes) 4. Pivot (forearm/neck) 5. Plane (midcarpal/midtarsal/vertebrae) 6. Saddle (thumb) |
| Muscle fascia | Thickened connective tissue that envelops an individual or group of muscles |
| Myofibrils | Thread-like fibrils that make up the contractile part of a striated muscle fiber |
| Myofilaments | Filaments made up of actin and myosin. Structural units of myofibril |
| Myosin | Protein in muscle cells responsible for the elastic and contractile properties of muscle. AKA "thick contractile protein." |
| Actin | Protein in muscle fiber that functions with myosin to produce muscle contraction. AKA "thin contractile protein" |
| Anatomical position | Standing face forward, arms adducted and hands supinated |
| Midline | Median plane of the body |
| Anterior axillary line | Saggital plane shifted to crease of the axilla (underarm). |
| Midaxillary line | Perpendicular line drawn downward from the apex of the axilla (underarm). AKA Frontal plane line |
| Anterior | Front |
| Posterior | Back |
| Proximal | Closest to origin |
| Distal | Furthest from origin (near insertion) |
| Medial | Center - divides person into right and left halves |
| Lateral | Away from the medial plane of the body |
| Ipsilateral | On the same side of the body |
| Contralateral | On the opposite side of the body |
| Superficial | Shallow in relation to surface |
| Deep | Deep in relation to surface |
| Flexion | To bend (in hinge joints, articulating bones move closer together; ball and socket limb moves from anterior to midaxillary) |
| Extension | To straighten or extend (in hinge joints, articulating bones move away from one another; ball and socket limb moves posterior to midaxillary) |
| Lateral flexion | Spinal movement to left or right (neck/trunk) |
| Protraction | Movement toward anterior surface in horizontal line |
| Retraction | Movement back to anatomical position (or posterior to functional range of motion) |
| Dorsi flexion | Moves ball of foot toward shin |
| Plantar flexion | Moves foot toward plantar surface |
| Pronation | Rotates forearm so radius and ulna cross. Palm faces posterior (rear) |
| Supination | Rotates forearm so radius and ulna uncross. Palm faces superior (front) |
| Inversion | Turns ankle so plantar surface of foot faces medially (sole of foot flat on ground) |
| Eversion | Turns ankle so plantar surface of foot faces laterally (sole of foot angled outward) |
| Abduction | Movement away from midline |
| Adduction | Movement toward midline |
| Ulnar deviation | Causes hand to move medially toward little finger in frontal plane (hand points toward thigh in anatomical position) |
| Radial deviation | Causes hand to move laterally toward thumb in frontal plane (hand points away from thigh in anatomical position) |
| External rotation | Articulating bone is rotated away from body in anatomical position (shoulder/hip) |
| Internal rotation | Articulating bone is rotated toward body in anatomical position (shoulder/hip) |
| Circumduction | Multiple-axis joint action where: 1. Flexion is combined with abduction 2. Adduction or extension and hyperextension are combined with abduction and then adduction (think shoulder exercises w/dumbbells) |
| Elevation | Superior movement of bone |
| Depression | Inferior movement of bone |
| Horizontal abduction | Movement away from midline in transverse plane |
| Horizontal adduction | Movement toward midline in transverse plane |
| Rotation | Turns structure around its long axis |
| What are the three movement planes? | 1. Saggital (midline or side-by-side) 2. Frontal (anterior/posterior) 3. Transverse (superior/inferior) |
| Alternative terms for anterior and posterior | Ventral (front on animal) and dorsal (back on animal) |
| Alternative terms for medial and lateral | Internal/inward rotation and external/outward rotation |
| Which axis corresponds to the saggital plane? | Transverse (runs front to back and top to bottom) |
| Which axis corresponds to the frontal (coronal) plane? | Anteroposterior (anterior + posterior; runs side to side and top to bottom) |
| Which axis corresponds to the transverse plane? | Longitudinal (vertical lines on globe) |
| Which movement correspond to the transverse axis (saggital plane)? | - flexion - extension - hyperextension - plantar flexion - dorsi flexion |
| Which movements correspond to the anteroposterior axis (frontal/coronal plane)? | - abduction - adduction - lateral flexion - inversion - eversion - radial deviation - ulnar deviation |
| Which movements correspond to the longitudinal axis (transverse plane)? | - internal rotation - external rotation - supination - pronation - horizontal abduction - horizontal adduction |
| Lordosis | Anterior curvature of the spine (arched back) |
| Kyphosis | Convex (outward) curvature of upper spine (hunchback) |
| Neutral spine | Retains three natural curves in spine: 1. Lordotic curve at base of neck 2. Kyphotic curve at middle back 3. Lordotic curve in lower back |
| Intervertebral disc | Fibrocartilage disc used as a cushion between vertebrae in spinal column |
| Anterior pelvic tilt | Originates from lumboscacral joint (arches back w/potbelly) |
| Posterior pelvic tilt | Originates from lumboscacral joint (thrusts hips) |
| Rectus abdominis | Trunk flexion Ab curl-up |
| External obliques | Flexes and rotates vertebral column Diagonal chop |
| Internal obliques | Flexes and rotates vertebral column Cable torso twist |
| Transverse abdominis | Compresses abdomen Draw in |
| Erector spinae group | Extends vertebral column Good morning |
| Quadratus lumborum | Abducts vertebral column Lateral flexion |
| Deltoids | Horizontally abduct, flex, extend and rotate humerus Side raises |
| Latissimus dorsi | Adduct, medially rotate and extend humerus Pull-up |
| Pectoralis major | Horizontally adduct, flex, extend and medially rotate humerus Bench press |
| Teres major | Adduct, extend and medially rotate humerus Single arm row |
| Teres minor | Adduct and externally rotate humerus External band rotation |
| Coracobrachialis | Adduct and flex humerus Front raise |
| Infraspinatus | Extend and externally rotate humerus External band rotation |
| Subscapularis | Abduct humerus Internal band rotation |
| Suspraspinatus | Abduct humerus Empty can raise |
| What muscles are in the rotator cuff? | Infraspinatus Suspraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor |
| Trapezius | Elevate, depress, rotate and fix scapula; extend neck Shoulder shrug |
| Rhomboid major | Retract, rotate and fix scapula Seated row |
| Pectoralis minor | Depresses scapula Cheat flyes |
| Levator scapulae | Elevate and retract scapula; abduct neck High row |
| Biceps brachii | Flex arm Bicep curl |
| Brachialis | Flex arm Reverse grip curl |
| Brachioradialis | Flex arm Hammer curl |
| Triceps brachii | Extend arm Cable pushdowns |
| Flexor carpi radiallis | Flex and abduct wrist Wrist curls |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris | Flex and adduct wrist Wrist curls |
| Extensor carpi radialis | Extend and abduct wrist Reverse wrist curls |
| Entensor carpi ulnaris | Extend and adduct wrist Reverse wrist curls |
| Psoas major | Flex thigh (hip) Knee raise |
| Iliacus | Flex and medially rotate thigh (hip) Diagonal knee raises |
| Gluteus maximus | Extend, adduct and laterally rotate thigh Squat |
| Gluteus medius | Abduct and medially rotate thigh Lateral squat |
| Gluteus minimus | Abduct and medially rotate thigh Lateral squat |
| Tensor fascia latae | Abduct and medially rotate thigh Supine leg abduction |
| Piriformis | Laterally rotate and abduct thigh Rotational step outs |
| Quadratus femoris | Laterally rotate and abduct thigh Rotational step outs |
| Rectus femoris | Extend leg, flex thigh (hip) Front squat |
| Vastus lateralis | Extend leg Lunge |
| Vastus intermedius | Extend leg Leg press |
| Vastus medialis | Extend leg Leg extension |
| Sartorius | Flex hip and leg; rotate leg medially and thigh laterally Lateral step ups |
| Biceps femoris | Lateral interior hamstring Extend thigh (hip); flex and laterally rotate leg Romanian deadlift |
| Semitendinosus | Lateral exterior hamstring Extend thigh (hip); flex and medially rotate leg Supine leg curl |
| Semimembranosus | Medial hamstring Extend thigh (hip); flex and medially rotate leg Standing leg curl |
| Adductor brevis | Adduct, flex and laterally rotate thigh Lateral lunge |
| Adductor longus | Adduct, flex and laterally rotate thigh Side step ups |
| Adductor magnus | Adduct, extent and laterally rotate thigh Seated adduction |
| Pectineus | Adduct and flex thigh Cable adduction |
| Gastrocnemius | Plantar foot and leg flex Standing calf raise |
| Soleus | Plantar flex foot Seated calf raise |
| Tibialis anterior | Dorsi foot flexion and inversion Toe raise |
| Peroneus tertius | Dorsi foot flexion and eversion Toe raise |
| Peroneus brevis | Plantar foot flexion and eversion Calf raise |
| Peroneus longus | Plantar foot flexion and eversion Calf raises |
Created by:
swedy13
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