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AP Biology Ch.9
Cellular Respiration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid |
| cellular respiration | The most previlant and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel |
| redox reaction | A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction |
| oxidation | The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction |
| reduction | The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction |
| reducing agent | The electron donor in a redox reaction |
| oxidizing agent | The electron acceptor in a redox reaction |
| NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzymepresent in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions od metabolism |
| electron-transport chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
| glycolysis | The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration |
| citric acid cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; pccurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration |
| oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism |
| acetyl CoA | Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compund for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme |
| cytochrome | An iron-containing protein, component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and choloroplasts |
| ATP synthase | A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondirial crista(and bacterial plasma membrane)that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent ETC, usinf using energy of a H+ ion concentration gradient to make ATP.ATP synthases provide a port through |
| chemiosmosis | An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in the cell occurs by chemiosmosis |
| proton-motive force | The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis |
| aerobic | Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, envrionment, or cellular process that requires energy |
| anaerobic | Lacking oxygen; reffering to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it |
| alchohol fermentation | The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol |
| lactic acid fermentation | The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide |
| facultative anaerobe | An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions |
| beta oxidation | A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA. |
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gnomealot
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