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Chapter 8 vocab (37)
Vocabulary for Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| activation energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called activation energy. |
| active site | The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds. |
| allosteric regulation | The binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site. |
| anabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds. |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
| bioenergetics | The flow of energy through an animal, taking into account the energy stored in the food it consumes, the energy used for basic functions, activity, growth, reproduction, and regulation, and the energy lost to the environment as heat or in waste. |
| catabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. |
| catalyst | A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| chemical energy | Energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules; a form of potential energy. |
| coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions. |
| cofactor | Any non-protein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme |
| competitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. |
| cooperativity | An interaction of the constituent subunits of a protein whereby a conformational change in one subunit is transmitted to all the others. |
| endergonic reaction | A non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. |
| energy | The capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). |
| energy coupling | In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. |
| entropy | A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by S. |
| enzyme | A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| enzyme-substrate complex | A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s). |
| exergonic reaction | A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy. |
| feedback inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. |
| first law of thermodynamics | The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
| free energy | The portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. |
| free energy of activation | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called activation energy. |
| heat | The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. |
| induced fit | The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate. |
| kinetic energy | The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter. |
| metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway). |
| metabolism | The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways. |
| non-competitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. |
| phosphorylated | Referring to a molecule that has been the recipient of a phosphate group. |
| potential energy | The energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement. |
| second law of thermodynamics | The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases. |
| substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
| thermal energy | The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. |
| thermodynamics | (1) The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. See first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics. (2) A phenomenon in which external DNA is taken up by a cell and functions there. |
Created by:
lauren lou
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