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PH Biology Chpt 2
Prentice Hall Miller/Levine Chapter 2 Biology
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atom | Basic unit of matter |
| Nucleus of an Atom | Made up of subatomic particles - protons and neutrons |
| Electron | Negatively charged particle in orbit around atom |
| Proton | Heavy positively charged particle in Nucleus |
| Neutron | Heavy neutrally charged particle in Nucleus |
| Element | Pure substance consisting entirely of one type of atom |
| Atomic Number of an element | equal to the number of protons |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| Properties of an Element | Determined by the number of electrons |
| Radioactive Isotopes | Elements that have unstable nuclei that breakdown at a constant rate over time |
| Compound | substance formed by the CHEMICAL combination of 2 or more elements, e.g. Water, H2O, or Salt, NaCl |
| Types of Bonds | Ionic and Covalent |
| Ionic Bond | Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| Covalent Bond | formed when electrons are shared between atoms |
| Molecule | smallest unit of a compound |
| Van der Waals Forces | the slight attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules |
| Polarity of a molecule (Water) | caused by an uneven distribution of electrons betweem atoms |
| Cohesion | atttraction between molecules of the same substance - causes water to bead together |
| Adhesion | atttraction between molecules of different substances. Causes Capillary action |
| Mixtures | Material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but NOT chemically combined |
| Kinds of Mixtures | Solutions and Suspensions |
| Solution | mixture where all the components of the solution are EVENLY combined |
| Suspension | Mixture where all components are not fully disolved or combined |
| Ion | A positively or negatively charged element due to the loss or gain of an electron |
| PH | Scale to measure the strength of acids and bases |
| Acid | any compound that forms a higher conventration of H+ ions in solution (PH < 7) |
| Base | any compound that forms a lower concentration of H+ ions (higher OH- ions)in solution (PH > 7) |
| Buffers | weak acids and bases that interact with strong acids and bases to maintain homeostasis |
| Monomer | Small units joined together to form polymers |
| Polymers | macromolecules formed by the joining of monomers |
| Polymerization | process used to form macromolecules |
| 4 Type of compounds in living things | Carbohydrates,Lipids,Nucleic Acids, Protiens |
| Carbohydrates | Made up of Carbon and Hydrogen, used as a source of energy and for structural purposes |
| Monosaccharides | Basic sugar molecules, eg. glucous |
| Polysaccharides | Macromolecule fromed from monosaccharides used to store excess sugar |
| Lipids | Carbon and Hydrogen compounds of fatty acids and glycerol used to stire energy and for bioloigical membranes and waterproof coverings |
| Nucleic Acids | Polymers of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen,Oxygen, PHOSPHOROUS - Compounds that store and transmit hereditary or genetic information (RNA,DNA) |
| Protiens | Polymers of Amino Acids of Carbon, Hydrogen Oxygen and NITROGEN used to regulate cell processes and form bone an muscle, or transport substances in/out of cells to fight diseases. Amino acids always have NH2 at the end of the chain |
| Chemical Reaction | Changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals by breaking of old bonds and forming new bonds |
| Reactants | elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| Spontaneous reations | Chemical reactions that release energy |
| Non-spontaneous reactions | Chemical reactions that require energy to take place |
| Energy Absorbing Reactions | Reactions whose ending energy is higher than its starting energy |
| Energy Releasing Reactions | Reactions whose ending energy is lower than its starting energy |
| Activation energy | The energy needed to start a chemical reaction - Measured from the starting point to the highest peak in the energy graph |
| Catalyst | substances which speed up chemical reactions |
| Enzymes | Protiens that are biological catalysts - speeding up reaction that take place in cells |
| Enzyme Graph | Shows two reaction graphs one with lower activation energy casued by Enzyme catalyst |
| Substrates | The reactants of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
| Active Site | location where substrates (reactants) and enzymes bind |
| Acidic Solutions | contain higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water with a PH < 7 |
| Basic Solutions | contain lower concentrations of H+ ions (more OH- ions) than pure water with a PH > 7 |
| Capillary Action | a force against gravity which enables water to rise in a tube or in plant roots. Caused by ADHESION - or the attraction betwen Water and the molecules of the glass or roots. |
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gpc1313
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