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Crim Justi terms

Question	Answer
Crime Control Model	Emphasizes speed and efficiency, high conviction rates overweigh individuals rights.
Conflict Model	Laws are determined by the groups that hold economic, political and social power in a community.
Consensus Model	Where the majority of citizens in a society share the same values and beliefes. Criminal acts go against the norms of society, and deemed harmful.
Crime	An act that violates criminal law and is punishable by criminal sanctions.
Deviance	Behavior that is considered to go against the norms established by society.
Murder	The unlawful killing of one human being by another.
Assault	A threat or an attemp to do violance to another person that causes the other person to fear immediate physical harm.
Purpose of the criminal justice system	Control crime, Prevent crime and Maintain justice.
Criminal justice system	The interlocking network of Law Enforcement agencies. Courts, and Corrections Institutions desinged to enforce criminal laws and protect society.
Federalism	A form of government in which a written constitution provides for a division of powers between a centrol government and several regional governments.
Local Law Enforcement	They apprehend criminals and participate in trial proceedings. Keep the peace, that includes crowd and traffic control, resolve minor conflicts such as domestic violance and child abuse.
State Law Enforcement	Concern themselves mainly with infractions on puplic highways, fish-game and watercraft.
Discretion	The authority of individuals in the criminal justice system to make operational decisions.
Due Process Model	Places primacy on the right of the individual to be protected from the power if the government.
Criminology	The scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior.
Chiose Theory	Holds that wrongdoers act as if they weigh the possible benefits of criminal atcivity against the expected costs of being apprehended. Still choose criminal activities.
Psychology	The scientific study of mental processes and behavior.
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)	A menal illness that is characterized by antisocial behavior.
Social Disorganization Theory	Deviant behavior is more likely seen in communities where social institutions such as the family, schools, and criminal justice system failed to control.
Social process Theory	Criminal behavior is a result of the enviroment.
Victomology	Studies why certain people are victims of crimes.
Chronic Offender	A criminal who commits multiple offences, in a small group of criminals responsible for a majority of activity.
Civil Law	A branch of law dealing with disputes between individuals and companies.
Liability	In a civil court, legal responsibility for ones own actions.
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt	T degree of proof required to find the defendant in a criminal trial giulty.
Felony	A serious crime, punishable by death or imprisonment for a year or longer.
Voluntary Manslaughter	A homiside in which the intent to kill was present in the mind of the offender, but lacking malice.
Involuntary Manslaughter	A negligent homicide, in which the offender had no intent to kill his victim.
Misdemeanor	Punishable by a fine of a jail term of less then a year.
Mala in Se	Acts that are inherently wrong, regaurdless if they are prhibited by law.
Mala Prohibita	Acts that are made illegal by criminal statutes, not necessarily wrong in and of themselves.
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)	A annual report compiled by the FBI to give an indication of criminal activity, data collected from local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies.
Constitutional Law	Law based on the constitution, and the constitutions of the various states.
Statutory Law	The body of law enacted by legislative bodies.
Administrative Law	laws created by administrative agencies, form of rules, orders.
Precedent	A court decision that furnishes an example or authority for deciding cases with similar facts.
Case Law	The rules of law announced in court decisions.
Corpus Delicti	The body of circumstances that must exist for a criminal act to have occured.
Actus Reus	A guilty act, the commission of a prhibited act is one of two elements needed for liability.
Mens Rea	Mental state or intent, necessary to establish criminal liability.
Strick Liability Crimes	The defendant is guilty regaurdless of his mental state.
Attendant Circumstances
Inchoate Crimes	Conduct deemed criminal without actual harm being done.
Hate Crime Law	A statute that provides for greater sanctions against those who commit crimes based on race, religion,gender.
Infancy	Under early American law, young wrongdoers were excused from criminal liability. Presumed not to understand their actions.
Duress	Unlawful pressure brought to bear on a person, causing them to commit an act he would not commit normally.
Necessity	Circumstances required him to commit an illegal act.
Substantive Criminal Law	Laws that define rights and duties of individuals with respect to one another.
Procedural Criminal Law	Rules that define the manner in which the rights and duties of individuals may be enforced.
Due Process Clause	4th and 14th Amendments to the constitution that guarantees no person shall be deprived of Life, Liberty, and property without de\ue process.
Patronage System	Corrupt politians hiring corrupt police to take bribes.
Professional Model	Emphasizes centralized police org, increased tech, and limits police discretion. Vollmer and o.w wilson
Coroner	The medical examiner of a county, elected post, second in command.
Probationary period	A period of time in which a rooky can be fired without cause.
Field Training	Placed with an (FTO) to apply concepts from the academy to the streets.
Bureaucracy	A hierarchically structured administrative org that carries out specific functions.
Response time	The rapidity with which calls for service are answered.
General Patrol	A patrol strategy of monitoring a certain area, goal is deter and detect crime.
Directed Patrol	A patrol strategy that is desinged to focus on specific types of criminal activity.
Hot Spots	Concentrated areas of high criminal activity that draw a directed police response.
Reactive arrests	Arrests that come about as part of the ordinary routine patroling.
Proactive arrests	Arrests that occur because of concerted efforts by law enforcement.
Community Policing	Emphasizes community support with police in preventing crime, police role "less centralized & more proactive.
Problem Oriented Policing	A policing philosophy requiring police to identify potential criminal activity, develope response to activity.
Police Subculture	The values and perceptions shared by police and other law enforcement agencies.
Socialization	The process through which a police officer is taught the values and expected behavior.
Blue Curtain	Term refering to the value placed on secrecy.
Police Cynicism	Police thinking citizens are weak, corrupt and dangerous, from overexposure to the worst of people too long.
Reasonable Force	The degree of force that is appropriate to protct the officer or citizen.
Deadly Force	Force applied by a police officer that is intended to cause death.
Police Corruption	The abuse of authority by a law enforcement agent for personal gain.
Ethics	The rule or standards of behavior governing a profession, ensuring fairness and rightness of action.
Duty	The moral sence of a police officer should apply in his duties.
"Inevitable Discovery"	The legal principle that illegally obtained evidence can be admitted to court, given that the police would have used lawful means.
Fruit of the poison tree	Evivdence that is acquired through illegal means.
Rasial Profiling	The practice of targeting members of minority groups, based solely on race and ethnicity.
Stop	A brief detention of a person by law enforcement for questioning.
Frisk	A pat-down or minimal search to discover weapons for the protection of the officer
Arrest	To take into cusdody a person suspected of criminal activity.
Arrest Warrent	A written order, based on probable cause, issued by a judge, commanding named on warrent be arrested.
Warrentless Arrest	An arrest maded without first seeking a warrent for action. Fine if arresting officer witnessed the crime.
Search	The process by which police examine a person or property to find evidence.
Affidavit	A written statement of facts, confirmed by oath or affirmation by one making it, to one of authority.
Seizure	The forcible taking of a person or property, responce to criminal activity.
Searches Incidental to Arrests	Searches for weapons and evidence of persons just arrested.
Consent Searches	Searches by police that are made after the subject of the search has agreed.
Plain View Doctrine	The legal principle that ojects in plain view of an officer be seized without warrent and introduced as evidence.
Interrogation	The direct questioning of a suspect, gather evidence of criminal activity.
Miranda Rights	The constitutional right of the accused being informed of his right to silence and councle.
Custudy	The forceful detention of a person.
Jurisdiction	The authority of a court to hear and decide cases within an area of the law.geograpic territory.
Trial Courts	Courts in which questions of fact are examined.
Appellate Courts	Courts that review decisions made by lower courts,make an appell.
Opinion	Statements by the courts explainiung it's reasoning for it's decision.
Dual Court System	The separate but interrelated court system of u.s. national and state level.
Magistrate	A public civil officer or official with limited judicial authority within a geographic area.
Initial Appearance	the accused first time infront of the judge or magistrate, informed of charges and right to counsel and amount of bail.
Bail	$ or conditions set by the court to insure the defendants return.
Release on Recognizance (ROR)	Offender released with understanding that he return for further proceedings.
Initial Appearance	the accused first appearance befor a judge, defenant is informed of charges, right to counsel, amount of bail and date for preliminary hearing.
Bail	The $ or conditions set by the court to ensure his return for further preceedings.
Property Bond	Alternitive to cash, property value at bail amount gains pretrial release.
Bail Bondsman	Businessperson who agrees for a fee to pay bail.
Preventitive Detention	Retention of an accused in custody, for fear he will commit a crime if released.
Preliminary Hearing	Hearing in which a magistrate decides probable cause that the defendant committed the crime.
Discovery	Formal investigation, defense uses methods to obtain information from prosecutor.
Information	The formal charge against the accused by the prosecutor afrter prelim hearing.
Grand Jury	Group of citizens called to decide if probable cause exist, that suspect committed crime being charged.
Arraignment	Court proceeding where suspect is formally charged, suspect enters a plea (GUILTY/NOT) in response.
Nolo Contendere	"I WILL NOT CONTEST IT", a defendants plea, he chooses not to challenge the charges brought against him by the government.
Plea Bargaining	Process by which the accused & the prosecutor work out a satisfacory conclution to the case.
Boykin Form	A form that must be completed by a defendant who pleads guilty.
Jury Trial	A trial before a judge and a jury.
Bench Trial	A trial conducted without a jury, judge determands defendants guilt or innocence.
Acquittal	A declaration that the accused is innocent in the eyes of the law.
Venire	The group of citizens from which the jury is selected.
Voir Dire	the preliminary questions asked by attorneys to potential jurors, testing their bias or connection to the defendant.
Challenge for cause	A voir dire challenge when attorneys give reasons why jurors aren't included.
Evidence	Anything that is used to prove the existence or nonexistence of guilt or a fact.
Testimony	Verbal evidence given by wtnesses under oath.
Real Evidence	Evidence brought into court and seen by the jury, not discribed to the jury.
Lay witness	Witness that can truthfully and accurately testify on a fact in question.
Expert Witness	Witness with profssional training.
Direct Evidence	Evidence that establishes the existence of a fact in question, no inferencees.
Circumstantial Evidence	Indirect evidence that is offered to establish, by inference the likelyhood of fact.
Relevant Evidence	Evidence that deminshes the fact in question, only reivent evidence is admissible in court.
Direct Examination	The examination of a witness by attornies.
Confrontation Clause	Sixth Amendment, guarantees right to defendant to confront witnesses testifying against them.
Rebuttal	Evidence to counteract or disprove evidence by opposing party.
Allen Charge	Instructions by a judge to a deadlocked jury.
Verdict	A formal decision made by the jury.
Appeal	Process of seeking a higher court's reviewof the lower courts decision.
Double jeopardy	To twice place a person's life or liberty.
Habeas Corpus	An order that requires correctional officials to bring an inmate before a judge to explain why in prison.

Created by: luvaman35

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Crim Justi terms