Crim Justi terms
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| Crime Control Model | Emphasizes speed and efficiency, high conviction rates overweigh individuals rights.
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| Conflict Model | Laws are determined by the groups that hold economic, political and social power in a community.
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| Consensus Model | Where the majority of citizens in a society share the same values and beliefes. Criminal acts go against the norms of society, and deemed harmful.
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| Crime | An act that violates criminal law and is punishable by criminal sanctions.
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| Deviance | Behavior that is considered to go against the norms established by society.
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| Murder | The unlawful killing of one human being by another.
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| Assault | A threat or an attemp to do violance to another person that causes the other person to fear immediate physical harm.
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| Purpose of the criminal justice system | Control crime, Prevent crime and Maintain justice.
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| Criminal justice system | The interlocking network of Law Enforcement agencies. Courts, and Corrections Institutions desinged to enforce criminal laws and protect society.
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| Federalism | A form of government in which a written constitution provides for a division of powers between a centrol government and several regional governments.
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| Local Law Enforcement | They apprehend criminals and participate in trial proceedings. Keep the peace, that includes crowd and traffic control, resolve minor conflicts such as domestic violance and child abuse.
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| State Law Enforcement | Concern themselves mainly with infractions on puplic highways, fish-game and watercraft.
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| Discretion | The authority of individuals in the criminal justice system to make operational decisions.
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| Due Process Model | Places primacy on the right of the individual to be protected from the power if the government.
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| Criminology | The scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior.
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| Chiose Theory | Holds that wrongdoers act as if they weigh the possible benefits of criminal atcivity against the expected costs of being apprehended. Still choose criminal activities.
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| Psychology | The scientific study of mental processes and behavior.
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| Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) | A menal illness that is characterized by antisocial behavior.
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| Social Disorganization Theory | Deviant behavior is more likely seen in communities where social institutions such as the family, schools, and criminal justice system failed to control.
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| Social process Theory | Criminal behavior is a result of the enviroment.
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| Victomology | Studies why certain people are victims of crimes.
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| Chronic Offender | A criminal who commits multiple offences, in a small group of criminals responsible for a majority of activity.
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| Civil Law | A branch of law dealing with disputes between individuals and companies.
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| Liability | In a civil court, legal responsibility for ones own actions.
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| Beyond a Reasonable Doubt | T degree of proof required to find the defendant in a criminal trial giulty.
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| Felony | A serious crime, punishable by death or imprisonment for a year or longer.
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| Voluntary Manslaughter | A homiside in which the intent to kill was present in the mind of the offender, but lacking malice.
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| Involuntary Manslaughter | A negligent homicide, in which the offender had no intent to kill his victim.
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| Misdemeanor | Punishable by a fine of a jail term of less then a year.
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| Mala in Se | Acts that are inherently wrong, regaurdless if they are prhibited by law.
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| Mala Prohibita | Acts that are made illegal by criminal statutes, not necessarily wrong in and of themselves.
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| Uniform Crime Report (UCR) | A annual report compiled by the FBI to give an indication of criminal activity, data collected from local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies.
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| Constitutional Law | Law based on the constitution, and the constitutions of the various states.
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| Statutory Law | The body of law enacted by legislative bodies.
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| Administrative Law | laws created by administrative agencies, form of rules, orders.
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| Precedent | A court decision that furnishes an example or authority for deciding cases with similar facts.
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| Case Law | The rules of law announced in court decisions.
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| Corpus Delicti | The body of circumstances that must exist for a criminal act to have occured.
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| Actus Reus | A guilty act, the commission of a prhibited act is one of two elements needed for liability.
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| Mens Rea | Mental state or intent, necessary to establish criminal liability.
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| Strick Liability Crimes | The defendant is guilty regaurdless of his mental state.
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| Attendant Circumstances |
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| Inchoate Crimes | Conduct deemed criminal without actual harm being done.
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| Hate Crime Law | A statute that provides for greater sanctions against those who commit crimes based on race, religion,gender.
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| Infancy | Under early American law, young wrongdoers were excused from criminal liability. Presumed not to understand their actions.
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| Duress | Unlawful pressure brought to bear on a person, causing them to commit an act he would not commit normally.
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| Necessity | Circumstances required him to commit an illegal act.
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| Substantive Criminal Law | Laws that define rights and duties of individuals with respect to one another.
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| Procedural Criminal Law | Rules that define the manner in which the rights and duties of individuals may be enforced.
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| Due Process Clause | 4th and 14th Amendments to the constitution that guarantees no person shall be deprived of Life, Liberty, and property without de\ue process.
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| Patronage System | Corrupt politians hiring corrupt police to take bribes.
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| Professional Model | Emphasizes centralized police org, increased tech, and limits police discretion. Vollmer and o.w wilson
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| Coroner | The medical examiner of a county, elected post, second in command.
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| Probationary period | A period of time in which a rooky can be fired without cause.
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| Field Training | Placed with an (FTO) to apply concepts from the academy to the streets.
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| Bureaucracy | A hierarchically structured administrative org that carries out specific functions.
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| Response time | The rapidity with which calls for service are answered.
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| General Patrol | A patrol strategy of monitoring a certain area, goal is deter and detect crime.
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| Directed Patrol | A patrol strategy that is desinged to focus on specific types of criminal activity.
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| Hot Spots | Concentrated areas of high criminal activity that draw a directed police response.
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| Reactive arrests | Arrests that come about as part of the ordinary routine patroling.
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| Proactive arrests | Arrests that occur because of concerted efforts by law enforcement.
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| Community Policing | Emphasizes community support with police in preventing crime, police role "less centralized & more proactive.
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| Problem Oriented Policing | A policing philosophy requiring police to identify potential criminal activity, develope response to activity.
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| Police Subculture | The values and perceptions shared by police and other law enforcement agencies.
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| Socialization | The process through which a police officer is taught the values and expected behavior.
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| Blue Curtain | Term refering to the value placed on secrecy.
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| Police Cynicism | Police thinking citizens are weak, corrupt and dangerous, from overexposure to the worst of people too long.
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| Reasonable Force | The degree of force that is appropriate to protct the officer or citizen.
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| Deadly Force | Force applied by a police officer that is intended to cause death.
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| Police Corruption | The abuse of authority by a law enforcement agent for personal gain.
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| Ethics | The rule or standards of behavior governing a profession, ensuring fairness and rightness of action.
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| Duty | The moral sence of a police officer should apply in his duties.
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| "Inevitable Discovery" | The legal principle that illegally obtained evidence can be admitted to court, given that the police would have used lawful means.
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| Fruit of the poison tree | Evivdence that is acquired through illegal means.
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| Rasial Profiling | The practice of targeting members of minority groups, based solely on race and ethnicity.
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| Stop | A brief detention of a person by law enforcement for questioning.
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| Frisk | A pat-down or minimal search to discover weapons for the protection of the officer
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| Arrest | To take into cusdody a person suspected of criminal activity.
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| Arrest Warrent | A written order, based on probable cause, issued by a judge, commanding named on warrent be arrested.
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| Warrentless Arrest | An arrest maded without first seeking a warrent for action. Fine if arresting officer witnessed the crime.
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| Search | The process by which police examine a person or property to find evidence.
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| Affidavit | A written statement of facts, confirmed by oath or affirmation by one making it, to one of authority.
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| Seizure | The forcible taking of a person or property, responce to criminal activity.
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| Searches Incidental to Arrests | Searches for weapons and evidence of persons just arrested.
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| Consent Searches | Searches by police that are made after the subject of the search has agreed.
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| Plain View Doctrine | The legal principle that ojects in plain view of an officer be seized without warrent and introduced as evidence.
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| Interrogation | The direct questioning of a suspect, gather evidence of criminal activity.
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| Miranda Rights | The constitutional right of the accused being informed of his right to silence and councle.
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| Custudy | The forceful detention of a person.
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| Jurisdiction | The authority of a court to hear and decide cases within an area of the law.geograpic territory.
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| Trial Courts | Courts in which questions of fact are examined.
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| Appellate Courts | Courts that review decisions made by lower courts,make an appell.
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| Opinion | Statements by the courts explainiung it's reasoning for it's decision.
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| Dual Court System | The separate but interrelated court system of u.s. national and state level.
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| Magistrate | A public civil officer or official with limited judicial authority within a geographic area.
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| Initial Appearance | the accused first time infront of the judge or magistrate, informed of charges and right to counsel and amount of bail.
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| Bail | $ or conditions set by the court to insure the defendants return.
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| Release on Recognizance (ROR) | Offender released with understanding that he return for further proceedings.
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| Initial Appearance | the accused first appearance befor a judge, defenant is informed of charges, right to counsel, amount of bail and date for preliminary hearing.
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| Bail | The $ or conditions set by the court to ensure his return for further preceedings.
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| Property Bond | Alternitive to cash, property value at bail amount gains pretrial release.
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| Bail Bondsman | Businessperson who agrees for a fee to pay bail.
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| Preventitive Detention | Retention of an accused in custody, for fear he will commit a crime if released.
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| Preliminary Hearing | Hearing in which a magistrate decides probable cause that the defendant committed the crime.
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| Discovery | Formal investigation, defense uses methods to obtain information from prosecutor.
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| Information | The formal charge against the accused by the prosecutor afrter prelim hearing.
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| Grand Jury | Group of citizens called to decide if probable cause exist, that suspect committed crime being charged.
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| Arraignment | Court proceeding where suspect is formally charged, suspect enters a plea (GUILTY/NOT) in response.
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| Nolo Contendere | "I WILL NOT CONTEST IT", a defendants plea, he chooses not to challenge the charges brought against him by the government.
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| Plea Bargaining | Process by which the accused & the prosecutor work out a satisfacory conclution to the case.
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| Boykin Form | A form that must be completed by a defendant who pleads guilty.
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| Jury Trial | A trial before a judge and a jury.
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| Bench Trial | A trial conducted without a jury, judge determands defendants guilt or innocence.
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| Acquittal | A declaration that the accused is innocent in the eyes of the law.
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| Venire | The group of citizens from which the jury is selected.
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| Voir Dire | the preliminary questions asked by attorneys to potential jurors, testing their bias or connection to the defendant.
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| Challenge for cause | A voir dire challenge when attorneys give reasons why jurors aren't included.
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| Evidence | Anything that is used to prove the existence or nonexistence of guilt or a fact.
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| Testimony | Verbal evidence given by wtnesses under oath.
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| Real Evidence | Evidence brought into court and seen by the jury, not discribed to the jury.
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| Lay witness | Witness that can truthfully and accurately testify on a fact in question.
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| Expert Witness | Witness with profssional training.
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| Direct Evidence | Evidence that establishes the existence of a fact in question, no inferencees.
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| Circumstantial Evidence | Indirect evidence that is offered to establish, by inference the likelyhood of fact.
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| Relevant Evidence | Evidence that deminshes the fact in question, only reivent evidence is admissible in court.
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| Direct Examination | The examination of a witness by attornies.
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| Confrontation Clause | Sixth Amendment, guarantees right to defendant to confront witnesses testifying against them.
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| Rebuttal | Evidence to counteract or disprove evidence by opposing party.
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| Allen Charge | Instructions by a judge to a deadlocked jury.
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| Verdict | A formal decision made by the jury.
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| Appeal | Process of seeking a higher court's reviewof the lower courts decision.
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| Double jeopardy | To twice place a person's life or liberty.
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| Habeas Corpus | An order that requires correctional officials to bring an inmate before a judge to explain why in prison.
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