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Biology Ch. 6 guide
Biology study guide chapter 6 Mrs. Buchanan
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| organisms that cannot make their own food, so they need to get their energy from another living thing that has stored energy | heterotrophs |
| organisms that produce their own food | autotrophs |
| the process where organisms must get energy from their food or from light and store it in cells | anabolism |
| the phase of metabolism that breaks down molecules and releases energy | catabolism |
| what is the difference between anabolism and catabolism? | anabolism combines small molecules to make larger ones that store energy, while catabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller one to release |
| the sum of chemical processes that an organism uses to get energy from food to grow and function | metabolism |
| the double-stranded molecule used by most cells for storing genetic information | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
| a pair of complementary nitrogenous bases that connect the two halves of a DNA molecule | base pair |
| what are the base pairs found in DNA | thymine and adenine guanine and cytosine |
| a chemical link that holds amino acids together to build proteins | peptide bond |
| the process by which a strand of DNA is copied to produce an identical strand | replication |
| a random change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule | mutation |
| the single-stranded, genetic information molecule, copied from DNA, whose main function is, in conjunction with ribosomes, to build protein molecules | ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| the process by which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA | transcription |
| the process in which a ribosome builds a protein that is based on the sequence of codons in an mRNA molecule | translation |
| the set of three bases on a molecule of tRNA that corresponds to a complementary codon on an mRNA molecule to properly position amino acids for the new protein chain being built | anticodon |
| triplets of nucleotides bases in the RNA transcript that provide the code for an amino acid during translation | codon |
| a molecule used within all cells for temporary energy storage | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| the process where two anticodons line up with their corresponding codons, dock, and a peptide bond forms between their amino acids | protein synthesis |
| the molecule produced when ATP is used up for energy | adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
| Why can't cells directly use the energy from molecules like glucose | glucose contains too much energy released all at once, which would damage the cell, and the cell requires a smaller, manageable unit of energy |
| What guides a cell's growth and function? | A cell's growth and function are guided by DNA. This molecule stores the information that controls a cell and includes information that makes every living thing unique. |
| Why do cells have a continuous supply of ATP? | they store very little of it at any given time and rapidly consume it to power life-giving processes. Instead of storing tons of energy to use all at once, which would result in the cell being destroyed. |
| what are nucleotides? | Nucleotides are members of a class of organic compounds that serve as the building blocks for the information storage molecules DNA and RNA. |
| What are nucleotides composed of? | Nucleotides have three parts- a nitrogen containing base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. The phosphate and sugar in each kind of DNA nucleotide are the same. There is a place on each nucleotide that can give away a hydrogen ion/acid |
| Know the structure of DNA | the bases on adenine and thymine as well as those on guanine and cytosine lock together through the attractions of hydrogen bonds. to form the "rungs" of the DNA ladder. The two strands of DNA form a double helix. |
| how does the enzyme helicase play a role in DNA replication | this enzyme unzips DNA like a zipper on a coat, creating two single strands of DNA |
| how does the enzyme primase play a role in DNA replication | this enzyme primase the DNA, creating a starting point for DNA polymerase |
| how does the enzyme DNA polymerase play a role in DNA replication | this is a builder enzyme that synthesizes new strands of DNA by adding DNA nucleotides |
| how does the enzyme Ligase play a role in DNA replication | this is a glue stick- like enzyme that joins the DNA, which is the new DNA strands that have breaks between fragments |
| What is the key difference between mRNA and tRNA? | They have completely different structures and functions during protein synthesis. |
| What is the main difference between mRNA and tRNA's structure? | mRNA is a long, linear strand and tRNA is a short, clover-leaf molecule |
| What is the main difference between mRNA and tRNA's functions? | mRNA carries the code for a protein from the DNA to the cytoplasm of a cell. tRNA carries a specific amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis. |
| What is the difference between what mRNA and tRNA contains? | mRNA contains codons while tRNA contains anticodons. |
| What are the key differences between DNA and RNA? | The main differences are the structures, sugar types, nitrogenous bases, and functions. |
| List the differences between the structures of DNA and RNA? | DNA consists of two strands twisted into a double helix, while RNA consists of a single strand. |
| List the types of sugars found in DNA and RNA. | DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and RNA contains ribose sugar. |
| What nitrogenous bases are found in DNA? | adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine |
| What nitrogenous bases are found in RNA? | adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine |
| What are the functions of DNA and RNA? | DNA is used to store genetic information and RNA is used to build protein molecules (alongside ribosomes) |
| Where is DNA and RNA found? | DNA is found in the nucleus while RNA is found in the cytoplasm in conjunction with the ribosomes. |
Created by:
Emmalyn Cruse
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