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Bio Chapter 2 test
| How are organic molecules related to all living things? | They are lifes building blocks. |
| Name four categories of organic moecules which form the basis of all living things. | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| All of the organic molecules are based on which element? | Carbon |
| Many times, the molecules join to form long chains with what kind of backbone? | carbon |
| How are the buidling blocks of organic molecules like bricks. | They both build/ make up your body. |
| the building blocks of carbohydrates are | monosaccharides |
| building blocks of lipids are | fatty acids and glycerol |
| building blocks of protein are | amino acids |
| building blocks of nucleic acids are | nucleotides |
| what is a polymer | when those building blocks are formed together they form a large molecule |
| what determines how organic molecules will look and behave | their shape |
| what are the four common characteristics of all organic molecules | all carbon based, they are formed from just a few elements, each of their own type of building block, form determines their function |
| what are the elements contained in carbohyrdates | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| What is the building block of carbohydrates | monosaccharides ( sugars) |
| What is a monosaccharide | It consists of carbon rings and is a single sugar |
| what does a monosaccharide look like | a hexagon where each corner represnts a carbon atom |
| what is a disaccharide | when two monosaccharides combine |
| how does a polysaccharide differ from a disaccharide | A polysaccharide is made up of multiple monosaccharides while disaccharides are only made up of two monosaccharides |
| what are the three classes of polysaccharides | starch, glycogen, and cellulose |
| which involves food storage in plants | starch |
| which involve food storage in animals | glycogen |
| what is cellulose used for | used for structural support in plants |
| why would an athlete have a big pasta dinner the night before a race | To make sure that they will have enough energy for the race |
| what are some of the functions of proteins | form muscles, transport hemoglobin, act as hormones, and enzymes |
| what is the building block of proteins | amino acids |
| what is the name of the bond that joins amino acids | peptide bond |
| how many different amino acids are there | 20 different kinds |
| what part of the amino acid varies from one amino acid to another | one is central carbon atom, while the other one a carboxyl group |
| what determines the shape and function of a protein | the sequence and shapes of the R group |
| what are enzymes | catalyst |
| what effect do enzymes have on a chemical reaction | they speed up the process of chemical reactions |
| enzymes are .... | proteins & catalysis |
| they ____ chemical reactions by _______ the ________ | speed up, lowering, activation energy |
| enzymes are affected by ________ | temperature and pH |
| If the enviornment of an enzyme is not optimal, then the enzyme could be _____ | denatured |
| The ______ attaches to the enzyme at the _____ | substrate, active site |
| during the chemical reaction, _____ can be_______ or _____ | substrates, broken down, built up |
| Name examples of lipids | fats, oils, triglycerides, steriods, waxes, pigments, and phopholipids |
| describe the structure of a fatty acid | for every carbon their is two hydrogens attached |
| what is a saturated fatty acid | unhealthy fats |
| what are the building blocks of lipids | fatty acids and glycerol |
| explain the solubility of lipids | can dissolve in oil but not in water |
| how would you test for lipids, | the sample is placed on a piece of brown or newspaper, and then the paper is held up to the light. |
| what is a positive result for lipids | it will have an oily spot that is translucent, or clear, on the paper |
| what are the two types of nucliec acids | DNA and RNA |
| What is the role of DNA | it contains instructions on how to make proteins in the body ( blueprint of life) |
| How does the role of RNA differ from that of DNA | RNA copys the instructions and passes it along from DNA |
| what is the building block of nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| what are the three parts of this monomer | base, phophate, and ribose |
| in digestion enzymes _____ | break down food |
| Molecules from food are used to ______ cells and tissues | build |
| enzymes can only bond with ____ substrate | one |
| Where does the enzyme and substrate bond at | the active site |
| Are enzymes reusable | yes |
| what two things can stop en enzyme by denaturing it | high temperature and strong pH levels |
| what slows an enzyme down | cold temperatures |
| enzymes do the following for chemical reactions | lower the energy needed for the reaction to occur |
| carbon atoms can form what type of bonds with other atoms | covalent bonds |
| _____ are long chains of molecules made from repeating units called _____ | Polymere, monomers |
| Carbohydrates means | water carbon because for every carbon molecule there is a water molecule |
| complex carbohydrates | slow digestion, contains nutrients |
| simple carbohydrates | quick digestion, no nutrients |
| lipids contains | carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| what do lipids dont dissolve in | water |
| saturated fats | unhealthy |
| unsturated fats | healthy |
| simple lipids | fatty acids + alcohol |
| compound lipids | fatty acids + alchohol + other groups |
| derived lipids | hydro carbon + hydrocarbons |
| How many times can amino acids be arragned to make proteins | an endless number of combonations |
| amino acids contains | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| proteins are the ____________ molecules to living things | most important biological |
| there are _____ different nitrogen bases between DNA and RNA | 5 |
| Dna consists of two ________ chains connected by _______ bases, forming a spiral staircase structure called a , _______ | nucleotide, nitrogenous, double helix |
| it is the _______ material that makes up _______ | hereditary, chromosomes |
| It directs ________ by forming _____ strands that uses DNA _________ to ________ those proteins | protein synthesis, RNA, instructions, assemble |
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