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Biology Honors U3
Unit 3 Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | Using light energy to build sugar from CO₂ and water (the whole sugar factory) |
| Pigment | A molecule that absorbs certain colors of light (solar panel material) |
| Chlorophyll | Green pigment that captures light; absorbs blue and red and reflects green (main solar panel) |
| Carotenoids | Yellow-orange accessory pigments that absorb colors chlorophyll misses (backup solar panels) |
| Wavelength | Distance from one wave crest to the next; shorter wavelength = more energy |
| Frequency | Number of waves that pass per second; higher frequency = more energy |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The full range of light from radio waves to gamma rays; visible light is a small part |
| Absorption spectrum | A graph showing which wavelengths (colors) a pigment absorbs |
| Chloroplast | Organelle where photosynthesis happens (the workshop) |
| Thylakoid | Flat membrane sac where the light reactions happen (Room 1: the power plant) |
| Granum (grana) | A stack of thylakoids (stack of solar panels) |
| Stroma | Fluid around the thylakoids where the Calvin cycle happens (Room 2: the assembly line) |
| Stomata | Tiny leaf pores that let CO₂ in and let water vapor and O₂ out (the doors) |
| Light-dependent reactions | Stage 1: capture light and make ATP and NADPH and O₂ in the thylakoids (charging the batteries) |
| Photosystem II | First light catcher; excites electrons and gets replacement electrons by splitting water |
| Photosystem I | Second light catcher; re-excites electrons so they can make NADPH |
| Electron transport chain | Carriers that pass electrons along and pump H⁺ into the thylakoid (conveyor belt) |
| Chemiosmosis | H⁺ flowing down its gradient through ATP synthase to make ATP (water through a dam) |
| ATP synthase | Enzyme that uses H⁺ flow to make ATP from ADP + phosphate (the turbine) |
| ATP | Energy carrier made in the light reactions (energy battery) |
| NADPH | Electron carrier made when NADP⁺ accepts electrons (electron battery) |
| Calvin cycle | Stage 2: uses CO₂ and ATP and NADPH to build G3P in the stroma (assembly line) |
| Carbon fixation | Attaching CO₂ from the air to an organic molecule; first step of the Calvin cycle |
| Rubisco | Enzyme that attaches CO₂ to RuBP (the worker) |
| RuBP | 5-carbon molecule that accepts CO₂; rebuilt every turn of the cycle (reusable holder) |
| 3-PGA | 3-carbon molecule made when CO₂ + RuBP split in two |
| G3P | 3-carbon sugar building block; 2 of every 12 leave to make glucose (finished part) |
| Photorespiration | Rubisco grabs O₂ instead of CO₂ and wastes energy and carbon (the worker's mistake) |
| C₃ plant | Fixes CO₂ directly with rubisco; first product has 3 carbons (most plants) |
| C₄ plant | Separates steps in SPACE: one cell grabs CO₂ and another runs the Calvin cycle (corn) |
| CAM plant | Separates steps in TIME: takes in CO₂ at night and uses it in the day (cactus) |
Created by:
PRO Teacher
Edwards20106
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