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Ecology
Population ecology + interspecific interactions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Population ecology definition | Group of same species living in same geographic area (that interact with each other) |
| Characteristics of populations | geographic range, abundance, density (within geo range), dispersion, (comp, social interactions, resource dist, mode of r influence clustered/even/random dispersion) dispersal/migration, age + sex ratio |
| Estimating density | counting, sampling for changes in density, sampling density per unit area, mark recapture method (for more mobile organisms) |
| Models to answer ecological questions | agent based models (computer to run diff scenarios based on custom/important factors) Mathematical functions, matrix to explain + communicate changes |
| Ideal free distribution difinition | ideal = perfect knowledge of resource distribution, free = no restrictions to movement; quality of habitat patches will depend on density of consumers so indivs will dist proportionally according to resource availability |
| Modelling geographical niche in ecological niche | map locations where species found then create “ecological envelope” ex temp + prec (environmental char that will effect species) predict dist in known; predict dist in introduced areas….ideal vs realized niche, -> foreshadowing comp |
| Population model factors | fecundity (#births/indiv); age/sex ratio; resource availability/stability; survivorship/predation; disease/genetic defects; social behaviour |
| Life table | table for age specific rates of survival and fecundity |
| Cohort definition | group of individuals of same species of the same age (then can watch over the years) |
| Static life table | all indivs in population observed over year, short term observe date. Con cant see fecundity as its only 1 year |
| R (exponential growth) | intrinsic rate of increase )from life tables; if bigger then 0 pop is increasing, if smaller pop is decreasing |
| Lamda symbol (geometric growth) | bigger then 1 = increasing, smaller the 1 = decreasing |
| K | carrying capacity |
| Density dependent vs independent | dependent: food supply, habitat, predators, disease, comp, but pos mate availability) Independent: temp, precipitation, catastrophic events |
| Survivorship curves | 1 (convex-high survivorship; k selected species) 1(diagonal- constant loss independent of age ex birds) 3 (concave- early loss low mortality after maturity ; r selected species ex oysters) |
| Overshoot + die-offs | population grows exponentially , shoots past carrying capacity, with a large die off after as population comes back down quickly (ususally not too extreme?) can happen due to fluctuations around carrying capacity |
| Recognize2 equations + exponential vs log growth, explain whats happenings on graph (k is carrying capacity, r is made of birth and death rates) | |
| Small population extinction risk | if small population experiences multiple years of low growth/natural disaster, more likely to go extinct then large population - (less indivs that can recover then if pop was bigger) |
| Consumer-resource interaction (+ -) | predator, parasite, parasitoid, herbivore, detritivore, |
| parasite vs parasitoid | parasites consume resource + requires resource stays alive (but may reduce fitness of host), parasitoid will kill host + requires the death of the host for complete development |
| Red queen hypothesis | Two species are keeping up with eachother in regards with predator evolving to be better at capturing prey and prey evolving to be better at avoiding predation “constantly evolving to stay in the same place” |
| Prey adaptations | defence (head gear, hoofs, toxicity); aposematism, escape, avoidence |
| Crypsis | camouflage/sensory concealment of an organism to avoid anothers |
| Aposematism | When an organism uses bright colors/patterns/sounds to warn predators that it is dangerous/toxic |
| Batesian vs mullerian mimicry | B: a non toxic species mimics a toxic one; M: a toxic species mimics another toxic species (reinforces warning) |
| Predator adaptations | prey location (sight + hearing) prey capture (locomotion, behaviour); prey processing (teeth, jaws, forelegs, digestive systems, toxin insensitivity) |
| Herbivory | herbivores can be considered predators/parasites to plants |
| Plant defences | tolerance (instead of fighting off attack, it regrows new parts); structural (tough skin, thorns); nutritional (low quality) + chemical (toxins) |
| Population regulation | most organisms both consume resources from another organism + are a resource for another organism |
| top down = prey is most effected by predator numbers; bottom up = prey is regulated by the amount of food/resources available to them | |
| Competition definition + types | use or defence of a resource by an individual that reduces its availability for other individuals; intraspecific, interspecific, exploitative + interference |
| Intraspecific vs interspecific competition | Intra = between members of SAME species; inter = comp between members of DIFFERENT species |
| Exploitative vs interference competition | exploitative = indirect interaction where organisms compete for resource (day vs night); interference = direct interaction where organisms actively fight/interfere with others to obtain resource (ants plugging holes of rival ant colonies) |
| Resource definition | a substance or factor consumed by an organism + abundance effects population growth; can be renewable (food/water) or non-renewable (space) or limiting (have strong effect on population size of target population) |
| Competitive exclusion definition | 2 species cant coexist indefinitely on the same limiting resource (Gause’s expirament); closely related species have greater overlap in resource requirements |
| Resource partitioning | closely related species will evolve different resource use over time (independent niches); caused by competition (ghost of competition past) |
| Mutualism (+ +) | positive interaction between 2 species; presence of each species increases the population growth of other species; often thru nutrient acquisition; ex bacteria + legumes to fix nitrogen plant can process, + legume provide habitat for bacteria |
| Obligate mutualism definition | 2 species will completely depend on each other for survival; they need one another to survive + reproduce (ex yucca + yucca moth; yucca plants to transfer pollen + moth larvae can only eat + mate on the yucca plant) |
| Coevolution definition | requires reciprocal natural selection between 2 species; often involve specialized adaptations (any interspecific interactions may involve these traits) -> obligate r strongly effected by they rely on each other, and parasites as well bc they need host |
| Geographic mosaic theory | 1. Interactions vary geographically; 2. Specialized “coevolved” traits may evolve in one/niether/both species; 3. Organisms evolve in response to more then 1 species; 4. Gene flow re-sorts organisms between populations |
Created by:
every_august
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