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NRM 386 Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the site inventory and analysis identify? | Biological, physical, & cultural opportunities Limitations & constraints Prep needs & implementation/management limitations |
| Site inventory | Data on the physical, biological, & cultural within and around restoration/reference site Provides baseline for comparison and monitoring Includes socioeconomic interests and potential external influences |
| Site immersion | Qualitative exploration of restoration/reference site |
| Reading the landscape | Remnant grasses, forbs, trees, disturbances |
| Community structure | Intact or missing herbaceous, shrub, subcanopy, canopy layers |
| Aerial cover estimates | Determined by observer, can be greater than 100%, subjective |
| Point intercept cover method | Species cover determined by proportion of intercepts, can be greater than 100%, objective |
| Biomass sampling | Cut, store, and dry vegetation, objective productivity estimate, destructive |
| Diameter at Breast Height | 4.5 feet or 137cm above the ground, baseline for growth over time |
| Abiotic conditions to measure for baseline between reference and restoration sites | Soil, topography, hydrology, canopy cover/light penetration |
| Soil measurements | Erosion, surface organic matter, pH, SoilWeb, compaction, humus content, nutrient content |
| Topography measurements | Slope/aspect/elevation, evidence of alteration |
| Hydrology measurements | Source, evidence of erosion, surface and groundwater quality/quantity |
| What tool is used to measure cover? | Spherical densiometer. If too shaded; thin, if too open, plant |
| How do you identify cultural parameters? | With property boundaries/legal restrictions (maps), built features and artifacts, and current human use |
| What is involved in the off site inventory? | Identify external biotic and abiotic influences (flora/fauna, hydrology, air/water) Identify external cultural influences (current human use) |
| Run on | Flow generated off-site that traverses the study site (comes onto the site) |
| Ecological restoration | The process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed |
| Community | Group of interacting species living together |
| Community model | Description of a group of organisms interacting with their biotic and abiotic environment |
| Ecosystem | All living and non-living components interacting with their abiotic environment |
| Ecosystem model | Description of the transfer of matter and energy between the biotic and abiotic environments |
| What does the regional filter contain? | Species pool, dispersal barriers, colonization order, and climate |
| What does the environmental filter contain? | Abiotic conditions, disturbance, and habitat stability and heterogeneity |
| What does the biotic filter (species interactions) contain? | Competition, trophic interactions, and mutualism |
| What is the result of something that has made it through the regional, environmental, and biotic filter> | A restored community |
| Prairie | Grassland with few/no trees, fire, dominated by grasses, historic distribution in southern lower MI |
| Savanna/Barren | Grassland with scattered oaks/pine some hickory (10-60% cover) or shrubs (0-50%), fire, dominated by grasses, lots of forbs, historic distribution southern lower MI |
| What are prominent grasses? | Big bluestem, little bluestem, indian grass |
| What are prominent shrubs? | American hazelnut & new jersey tea in savannas American beech & sugar maple in forest, also hemlock and white pine north |
| Forest | Closed canopy (>80%), herbs dominated by shade intolerant and ephemerals, historic distribution throughout MI |
| Floodplain forest | In floodways and floodplains of major streams, herb and shrub layer depends on flood frequency and duration, nutrient inputs, historic distribution throughout MI |
| What are prominent overstory trees? | Silver maple and green ash in floodplain forest |
| Principle 1 | Engages stakeholders |
| Principle 2 | Draws on many types of knowledge |
| Principle 3 | Informed by native reference ecosystems, while considering environmental change |
| Principle 4 | Supports ecosystem recovery processes |
| Principle 5 | Is assessed against clear goals and objectives, using measurable indicators |
| Principle 6 | Seeks the highest level of ecosystem recovery possible |
| Principle 7 | Gains cumulative value when applied at large scales |
| Principle 8 | Is part of a continuum of restorative actiivties |
| Native/indigenous species definition | Present without the assistance of human activities or present before the Neolithic period (~12,000 ybp) |
| Why choose native species? | 1. Environmental adaptation (climate, soils, hydrology [lower maintenance]) 2. Disease and pest resistance 3. Biotic adaptation 4. Preservation of natural heritage 5. Preservation of native genetics 6. Food and habitat for native animals |
| Reference ecosystem | An existing ecosystem or an ecological description of an ecosystem that serves as a target for restoration Must have intact biotic & abiotic components, ecological functions, and successional states |
| Key attributes of a reference ecosystem | 1. Absence of threats 2. Physical conditions 3. Species composition 4. Structural diversity 5. Ecosystem function 6. External exchanges |
| Why is it best to have several reference sites? | To demonstrate common characteristics that are important and allow for the restoration to not aim for a specific (likely unattainable) goal |
| Where can reference information be found? | The Nature Conservancy, Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan Nature Association, and Michigan Old Growth Forests |
| Shifting baselines | Idea of what site should be restored to based on lived experience, not necessarily what the site actually used to be |
| Restoration planning is | A collaborative effort that uses data, text, maps, photographs, and plan graphics to guide restoration efforts Includes implementation, management, and monitoring |
| Benefits of a restoration plan | Facilitated communication among stakeholders and provides a benchmark for evaluation of restoration efforts |
| What is the timeline for a restoration plan? | Restoration site & reference site inventory and analysis Develop master plan Develop site plan Implementation Management & Monitoring |
| What does a master plan provide? | A general vision of what you want to achieve (purpose, goals, use policy, potential "solutions") |
| Project purpose | A general statement that summarizes the overall vision of the restoration outcome - Action oriented - Identifies the problem - General - Time-neutral - Broad location information |
| Goals | Ideal states and conditions that will be achieved via restoration, time neutral - Provides basis for planned restoration activities and evaluation of restoration activities |
| What are ecological goals? | 1. Recovery of a degraded ecosystem 2. Replacement of a destroyed ecosystem 3. Substitution of a destroyed ecosystem |
| What are social and cultural goals? | Aesthetic, recreational, educational, and scientific |
| What is an economic goal? | Long term financial support |
| Order from less to more refined and confined | Purpose --> goals --> objectives |
| Use policy | A description of how people will interact with the site - Permitted and prohibited activities - Determined a priori or after site inventory Types: visitor use and implementation & management |
| Visitor use policy | A balance between encouraging use and resource protection, crucial for sociopolitical and biological success, activities and experiences |
| Implementation and management use policy | Restrictions based on physical, biological, and cultural realities and desires, may alter choice of target communities |
| What is determination of target communities and cultural facilities based on? | Site conditions, restoration purpose and goals, and use policy |
| Benefits of restoration targets? | 1. Promotes critical thinking + creativity 2. Objectively perfect the plan 3. Allows for an easy "change of course" early in the process 4. Advantages/disadvantages of each alternative is useful later in the process 5. Buy in for stakeholders |
| Restoration options | 1. Restore to the original ecosystem 2. Restore the community expressed by vegetation 3. Restore a rare/high priority community type 4. Restore a variety of community types 5. Restore the largest area of a community type |
| Site analysis questions | Possible target communities; do site conditions accommodate? Which site conditions promote/constrain restoration success? What wildlife can be supported in present and future? What functions/processes are present/missing What human uses are compatible |
| Site suitability analysis | A systematic analysis that evaluates the suitability of each site resource relative to restoration alternatives |
| Zoning | Local laws or regulations that govern how property can or cannot be developed |
| Ordinances | Local laws or regulations that govern property activities |
| Easements | A legal right that allows a person or entity to use or access another person's property without owning it |
| What goes into cultural paramenters? | Zoning, ordinances, and easements |
| What do you need to look at for off site data collection? | Cultural parameters, community descriptions/species lists, natural disturbance, human disturbance/land use history, photographs, and herbariums and museums |
| Types of human disturbance/land use history | Pre-settlement community description, written reports (contemporary, historical, land surveys/maps/aerial pictures), and oral descriptions |
| Restoration objectives | Specific activities and outcomes needed to achieve restoration goals |
| What does S.M.A.R.T. objectives stand for? | Specific, measurable, achievable, results oriented, and time bound |
| Specific | What are the activities? How much needs to be done? Where are they being done? |
| Measurable | Quantifiable, data |
| Achievable | Realistic outcomes based on resources |
| Results oriented | Includes reasons why you are doing the activities and how they help achieve restoration goals |
| Time bound | When will the activities be accomplished? |
| Wetland loss | 53% in lower 48, 70% riparian, between 2004-2009: 13,800 ac/yr |
| Old growth forest loss | 95-98% |
| Tallgrass prairie and savanna loss | 99% |
| Rivers and streams no longer wild/scenic | 98% |
| Anthropocene | A human dominated geological epoch |
| Society for Ecological Restoration | Established 1988, 2000+ members, 70 countries Journals: Restoration Ecology, Ecological Restoration, Ecological Management and Restoration |
| What is ecological restoration? | - Re-establishment of a dynamic system (components & processes/functions) - Multi-disciplinary field (bio/physical) - Involves design and humanities/social sciences |
| Two categories of benefits of a restored ecosystem | Ecosystem function/services & economic and cultural |
| Ecosystem functions/services benefits | Nutrient and energy flow, water protections and purification, atmospheric regulation, habitat |
| Economic and cultural benefits | Natural resources, education, recreation, aesthetics/spirituality/ecological heritage (public involvement) |
| Types of sustainability | Economic, societal, environmental |
| Economic sustainability involves | Growth, efficiency, and stability |
| Societal sustainability involves | Poverty reduction, inclusion, and empowerment |
| Environmental sustainability involves | Biodiversity/resilience, and natural resource management |
| What is ecological restoration not? | A prefect recreation of some historical state (natural communities vary in space and time) |
| Ecological restoration | The practice of restoring ecosystems; intentional activity that initiates or accelerates the recovery or an ecosystem with respect to its health, integrity, and sustainability |
| Restoration ecology | The science upon which the practice is based, provides concepts, models, methodologies, and tools for practitioners in support of their practice |
| Applied knowledge | An amalgamation of science and practice, restoration ecology and ecological restoration are not mutually exclusive |
| Oldest restoration | John T Curtis Prairie, U of Wisconsin, 1934 Creators: G William Longenecker, Norman Fassett, and Aldo Leopold Other: Tropical rainforest restoration, Austrailia, 1935 |
| Early influences of restoration | Writers: Henry David Thoreau, John Muir, George Perkins, Marsh Landscape architects: Fredrick Law Olmstead, Jens Jensen |
| Types of restoration (x8) | Complete/full recovery, ecological services/partial recovery, experimental restoration, reclamation, rehabilitation, revegetation, replacement, mitigation |
| Complete/full recovery restoration | Restores the full complement of ecological structure and function |
| Ecological services/partial recovery restoration | Restores specific ecological functions |
| Experimental restoration | Restores for aesthetics |
| Reclamation restoration | Return or severely degraded land to a useful purpose (not original use) |
| Rehabilitation restoration | Emphasizes the reparation of specific ecosystem services |
| Revegetation restoration | Return of vegetation to a denuded landscape; a part of most restoration activities |
| Replacement restoration | Involves creation of a different kind of ecosystem then has existed historically |
| Mitigation restoration | Required action that compensates for environmental damage; primarily associated with wetland loss |
| List restoration needs from intact and fully functional to degraded and non-functional systems | Recovery requires improved management [biotic threshold], recovery requires vegetation manipulation [abiotic transition], recovery requires modification of the physical environment |
| Restoration challenges and opportunites | Ecosystem complexity, ecological ignorance, invasive species, restoration is not equal to an ecological panacea, and user conflicts |
Created by:
ethompson238
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