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Ecology
Behavioural ecology + sexual reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ploidy definition | number of copies of each gene |
| Haploid/diploid/triploid definition | one copy of each gene (n), 2 copies (2n) 3 copies (3n) - all sexually reproducing species are diploid at some point in the life cycle |
| Asexual reproduction types + meaning | offspring only has genetic info from one parent; vegatative reproduction(and budding, new identical plant grows from a part of og plant); parthenogenesis (eggs that dont have to be fertilized by sperm) |
| Sexual reproduction meaning | gametes are eggs + sperm (n) fertilization forms a diploid zygote(2n); sources of genetic variation are from genetic recombination during meiosis (crossing over + independent assortment) + biparental genetic contribution |
| Sexual reproduction costs | gonads (repro. organs) + mating is energy costly; slower population growth; genetic cost of meiosis (only half of an organisms genes is passed to offspring, instead of 100% in asexual reproduction) |
| Sexual reproduction advantages | genetic variation (more traits for natural selection to work on and account for variability in environment); evolutionary change (cant evolve if theres no variation); resistance to disease |
| Sexes in animals | Distinct sexes; simultaneous hermaphrodites (have both male + female reproductive organs at the same time) sequential hermaphrodites (starts as one sex then transitions to other later in life) |
| Sexes in plants | dioecious (separate plants) monoecious (separate flowers on same plant) hermaphrodite (both male and female+ female organs on same flower - bisexual or perfect) |
| when is being a hermaphrodite favorable vs. separate sexes | H: availability of mates; seperate is better when finding a mate is easier becuase it costs a lot of energy to produce both male + female reproductive organs |
| Mechanisms of sex determination | mammals (XX + XY) birds (ZW-F + ZZ-M) haploidiploidy - bees/wasps/ants (n/unfertilized-M + 2n-F) environmental control of sex (ex. temp) social environment (sex ratio/sequential hermaphroditism) |
| Rare sex advantage | success of each sex depends on its frequency in the population, individuals that produce more of the rare sex are more successful until the sex is no longer rare |
| Local mate competition | ex. wasp example- when males compete for mates in a confined area, less offspring get produced becuase theres less females; therefore female biased offspring ratios are favored bc just one male is needed poten. (an unequal sex ratio can be advantageous) |
| Monogamous definition | 2 individuals mate/reproduce exclusively with each other over breeding season or lifetime, although true genetic monogamy is rare |
| Polyandrous definition | one female mates with multiple males |
| Polygynous definition | one male mates with multiple females |
| Promiscuous definition | males + females both mate with mutiple partners without forming long term bonds |
| Sexual selection definition | subset of natural selection; traits are chosen for by ability to attract mates even if those traits wouldn’t be naturally selected for. Ex. territory, male-male contests, symmertry, nuptial gifts, indicators of condition) |
| Good gene hypothesis | female chooses male based on ornamental trait as a sign of good/superior genes that will improve offspring fitness |
| Handicap principle | males with elaborate secondary sexual characteristics carry a “handicap” indicating a superior genotype because they are able to survive/have high fitness |
| Sexual conflict | Mating isnt always cooperative bc males want as many offspring as possible; females want fewer offspring w high quality males and more parental investment |
| Male control of fertilization | increased+forced copulations; assurance of paternity: bahavioural mate guarding, parental care, mechanical: plugs, large amount of sperm, chemical via seminal products to inhibite |
| Female control of fertilization | overt-only allows males to mate if they demonstrate desired qualities; cryptic-internal fertilization (discard sperm, prevent transport of sperm to storage, remating, plug manipulation, biased use of stored sperm, terminate copulation) |
| Benefits + costs of group living | B: predator defense, feeding, finding a mate; C: predation + parasitism risk, competition. Territoriality + dominance also plays a role |
| 4 different types of social interactions | altruism (- +) cooperation (+ +) selfishness (+ -) spitefulness (- -) |
| Altruistic benefit | kin selection-based on prob of high genetic similarities. C < Br (the fitness cost (C) is less then the benefit (B) gained by recipient times the coefficient of genetic relatedness between donor + recipient (higher the relation the better) |
| Inclusive fitness definition | fitness derived from the likelihood that a copy of a gene that is identical to yours increases in frequency in the next generation |
| Eusociality definition | highest level of social organization in animals (ex. bees) has reproductive + non-reproductive members; overlapping generations living together + coopertive brood care -> even tho their fitness is lowered; they are contribiting to the inclusive fitness |
| Sexual vs. asexual reproduction (parents, cell division type, genetically unique? speed and energy cost) | S: 2 parents, meiosis, genetically unique, slower/more energy A: 1 parent, mitosis, genetic clones, faster/less energy |
| Honest signaling definition | trait/behavior that reveals an organisms health/fitness/quaility |
| cooperation (+ +) meaning | 2 or more organisms work together and each provide a benefit to eachother, increasing their fitness |
| selfishness (+ -) meaning | one organsim gains fitness while the other loses out |
| spitefulness (- -) meaning | one organism decreases its fitness to decrease anothers fitness as well, both lose out |
| Altruistic (- +) meaning | first organism loses fitness to give the other a fitness benefit (often for a closely related relative to benefit inclusive fitness) |
Created by:
every_august
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