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Biology EXAM2
Chapters 5 - 8 Practice exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Compare and contrast simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Include energy requirements and the direction molecules move. | Simple diffusion moves molecules from high to low concentration without proteins. Facilitated diffusion also moves molecules from high to low concentration but uses proteins. Active transport moves molecules from low to high concentration and requires ATP |
| Explain how an enzyme works using the terms substrate, active site, and product. Also explain what happens if the enzyme becomes denatured. | A substrate binds to an enzyme's active site. The enzyme converts the substrate into products and releases them. If the enzyme is denatured, its shape changes and it cannot function properly. |
| Describe the three major stages of aerobic cellular respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC). Include the location and main products of each stage. | Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces 2 ATP, NADH, FADH₂, and CO₂. The ETC occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane and produces about 32 ATP and water. |
| Explain the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. | Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. The products of one process are the reactants of the other. |
| Compare C3, C4, and CAM plants. Explain how C4 and CAM plants reduce photorespiration | C3 plants use the standard Calvin cycle. C4 plants separate carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle into different cells. CAM plants open their stomata at night to conserve water. C4 and CAM plants reduce photorespiration in hot, dry environments. |
| The plasma membrane is composed primarily of a phospholipid __________. | Bilayer |
| Water moves across a membrane by __________. | Osmosis |
| Water channel proteins are called __________. | Aquaporins |
| In diffusion, molecules move from __________ concentration to __________ concentration. | High, Low |
| Movement against a concentration gradient requires __________ transport. | Active |
| Plant cells stay rigid because of __________ pressure. | Active |
| A solution with higher solute concentration outside the cell is __________. | Hypertonic |
| Energy is the capacity to do __________. | Work |
| Stored energy is called __________ energy. | Potential |
| ATP stands for adenosine __________. | Triphosphate |
| ATP releases energy when a __________ group is removed. | Phosphate |
| A reaction that releases energy is called __________. | Exergonic |
| A reaction that requires energy is called __________. | Endergonic |
| Biological catalysts are called __________. | Enzymes |
| Enzymes lower the __________ energy of a reaction. | Activation |
| Glycolysis occurs in the __________. | Cytoplasm |
| The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial __________. | Matrix |
| The ETC occurs on the mitochondrial __________ membrane. | Inner |
| The final electron acceptor is __________. | Oxygen |
| Glycolysis produces a net gain of __________ ATP. | 2 |
| Fermentation regenerates __________. | NAD⁺ |
| Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and __________. | CO₂ |
| Lactic acid fermentation produces __________. | Lactic Acid |
| Photosynthesis occurs in the __________. | Chloroplast |
| The fluid-filled region of the chloroplast is the __________. | Stroma |
| Stacks of thylakoids are called __________. | Grana |
| The light reactions occur in the __________ membranes. | Thylakoid |
| The Calvin Cycle occurs in the __________. | Stroma |
| Photosystem II splits __________ molecules. | Water |
| The waste product of Photosystem II is __________. | Oxygen |
| Photosystem I produces __________. | NADPH |
| It takes __________ turns of the Calvin Cycle to make one glucose molecule. | 6 |
| Which membrane component helps maintain membrane fluidity? | Cholesterol Helps maintain membrane fluidity. |
| Which process requires ATP? | Active transport Requires ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient. |
| A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution will: | Swell A red blood cell in a hypotonic solution gains water and swells |
| The sodium-potassium pump moves: | 3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in This is the sodium-potassium pump |
| Which is an example of kinetic energy? | Moving muscle fibers |
| What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| Which molecule is the cell's primary energy carrier? | ATP |
| OIL RIG stands for: | Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain |
| Competitive inhibitors bind to the: | Active site |
| Allosteric inhibitors bind: | Somewhere other than the active site |
| Which stage of respiration occurs in the cytoplasm? | Glycolysis |
| Which molecule is the final electron acceptor? | Oxygen |
| How much net ATP is produced during glycolysis? | 2 |
| Which stage produces the most ATP? | ETC |
| Human muscle cells perform: | Lactic acid fermentation |
| Which is a product of alcoholic fermentation? | Ethanol |
| The organelle where photosynthesis occurs is the: | Chloroplast |
| Green plants appear green because chlorophyll reflects: | Green light |
| Photosystem II directly produces: | Oxygen |
| Photosystem I primarily produces: | NADPH |
| The Calvin Cycle uses: | ATP and NADPH |
| Where do the light reactions occur? | Thylakoid membrane |
| What is the end product that leaves the Calvin Cycle? | G3P |
| Photorespiration occurs when Rubisco binds: | Oxygen |
| Which plant is most likely a CAM plant? | Cactus |
Created by:
jsminnie118
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