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Biology CH 8
Chapter 8 Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the basic formula for photosynthesis? | 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ Carbon dioxide + Water + Light → Glucose + Oxygen |
| What is the electromagnetic spectrum? | The electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of electromagnetic energy. |
| What wavelengths can we see? | Visible Light ---- Humans see approximately: 400-700 nm , (Violet → Red) |
| What wavelengths do plants use? | Plant Pigments Absorb Most: Blue light (400-500 nm) and Red light (600-700 nm) ---Reflect Most: Green light (This is why plants appear green.) |
| What are the main photosynthetic pigments? | Chlorophyll a (primary pigment), Chlorophyll b (accessory pigment), Carotenoids (yellow/orange pigments) |
| In which organelle does photosynthesis take place? | Chloroplast --- Found in plant cells and algae |
| Label a chloroplast diagram | Stroma -- Fluid-filled space surrounding thylakoids, Thylakoids --Flattened membrane sacs, Grana-- Stacks of thylakoids Memory Trick: Thylakoid = single disk, Grana = stack of disks, Stroma = fluid around stacks |
| What are stomata? | Tiny pores in leaves |
| Why are stomata important? | Allow CO₂ to enter AND Allow O₂ to leave |
| What happens when stomata close? | Water loss decreases, Less CO₂ enters, AND Photosynthesis decreases |
| What's happening during the light reactions? | Convert solar energy into chemical energy |
| What are the two photosystems and what are they creating? | Photosystem II (PSII) --- Splits water, Releases oxygen, Supplies electrons AND Photosystem I (PSI) --- Produces NADPH ---- Overall Light Reactions Produce --- ATP , NADPH, O₂ |
| How does the proton pump work? | High H⁺ → Low H⁺ through ATP synthase = ATP ------- As electrons move through the ETC, energy is released, This energy pumps H⁺ ions into the thylakoid space, H⁺ accumulates inside, H⁺ flows through ATP synthase, ATP is produced. |
| What is the waste product of Photosystem II? | Oxygen (O₂), Produced when water is split. ---- Water → Electrons + H⁺ + O₂ |
| What is an electron transport chain? | Series of electron carrier proteins |
| How does electron transport chain (ETC)connect the photosystems? | Electrons leave Photosystem II, Travel through ETC, Reach Photosystem I -----The ETC transfers energy and helps create ATP. |
| Where do the light reactions take place? | Thylakoid membranes (Inside the chloroplast.) |
| What is the Calvin Cycle? | Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions and Fixes carbon dioxide |
| In the Calvin Cycle what happens to CO₂? | Incorporated into organic molecules |
| In the Calvin Cycle where are ATP and NADPH used? | ATP--- Provides energy , NADPH --- Provides electrons and hydrogen, End Product G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) G3P is used to make glucose. |
| Why is the Calvin Cycle called a cycle? | The starting molecule (RuBP) is regenerated at the end. |
| How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to make glucose? | 6 turns |
| Why does it take 6 turns of the Calvin Cycle to make glucose? | Each turn fixes 1 CO₂ and 6 CO₂ are required to make 1 glucose molecule |
| What is photorespiration? | Rubisco binds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. |
| Why is photorespiration detrimental? | Uses energy, Consumes oxygen, Produces no sugar, Reduces photosynthetic efficiency |
| How do plants in hot, dry environments get around photorespiration? Explain C3 plants | Most plants, Calvin cycle directly fixes CO₂, More photorespiration in hot conditions (Examples: Wheat, Rice, Soybeans) |
| How do plants in hot, dry environments get around photorespiration? Explain C4 plants | Separate carbon fixation from Calvin cycle by location, Reduce photorespiration (Examples: Corn, Sugarcane) |
| How do plants in hot, dry environments get around photorespiration? Explain CAM plants | Open stomata at night, Store CO₂ until daytime, Greatly reduce water loss (Examples: Cactus, Pineapple) |
| Photosynthesis Equation: | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ |
| Photosystem II: | Splits water Produces O₂ |
| Photosystem I: | Produces NADPH |
| Light Reactions: | Occur in thylakoids Produce ATP, NADPH, O₂ |
| Calvin Cycle: | Occurs in stroma Uses ATP and NADPH Fixes CO |
| 6 turns of Calvin Cycle = | 1 glucose |
| Chlorophyll reflects | green light |
| Stomata allow | CO₂ in and O₂ out |
| Photorespiration wastes | energy |
| C4 and CAM plants | reduce photorespiration |
| Visible light = | 400-700 nm |
| Light reactions produce | ATP, NADPH, and O₂ |
| Calvin Cycle uses | ATP and NADPH to build sugar |
Created by:
jsminnie118
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