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Biology CH 7
Chapter 7 Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? | Photosynthesis stores energy by making glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration releases that energy by breaking down glucose and using oxygen to produce ATP. The products of one are the reactants of the other. |
| What is the animal storage form of glucose? | Glycogen |
| What is the plant storage form of glucose? | Starch |
| Besides glycogen, what molecules can be broken down to form glucose? | Fats (lipids) and proteins. |
| Does glycolysis require oxygen? | Glycolysis does NOT require oxygen |
| What does aerobic mean? | Requires oxygen. |
| What does anaerobic mean? | Does not require oxygen. |
| What are the two main parts of glycolysis? | Energy investment phase and energy payoff phase. |
| Why are 2 ATP used at the beginning of glycolysis? | To energize glucose so it can be broken apart and processed. |
| Where does glycolysis occur? | Cytoplasm (cytosol). |
| What is produced at the end of glycolysis? | 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and a net gain of 2 ATP |
| How many net energy carrier molecules are produced during glycolysis? | 2 NADH |
| Where does cellular respiration occur? | Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm; the rest occurs in the mitochondria |
| What is the matrix of the mitochondrion? | The fluid-filled interior where the Krebs cycle occurs |
| What is the inner mitochondrial membrane? | The folded membrane (cristae) where the ETC occurs |
| What is the outer mitochondrial membrane? | The smooth outer boundary of the mitochondrion |
| What is the intermembrane space? | The space between the inner and outer membranes where hydrogen ions accumulate. |
| What happens between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? | Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, releasing CO₂ and producing NADH. |
| Where does pyruvate oxidation occur? | Mitochondrial matrix |
| Where does the Krebs cycle occur? | Mitochondrial matrix |
| What is another name for the Krebs cycle? | Citric Acid Cycle |
| What are the products of the Krebs cycle? | ATP, NADH, FADH₂, and CO₂ |
| Before the Electron Transport Chain, how much ATP has been produced? | 4 ATP total (2 from glycolysis and 2 from Krebs cycle) |
| Before the Electron Transport Chain, how much NADH has been produced? | 10 NADH |
| Before the Electron Transport Chain, how much FADH₂ has been produced? | 2 FADH₂ |
| Where does the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occur? | Inner mitochondrial membrane |
| How does the ETC work? | Electrons move through carrier proteins, releasing energy that pumps hydrogen ions across the membrane. The hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase to make ATP. |
| What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC? | Oxygen |
| Is oxygen required for the ETC? | Oxygen IS required for the ETC |
| What happens when oxygen accepts electrons? | Water (H₂O) is formed |
| How much ATP is produced by the ETC? | About 32 ATP |
| How much ATP is produced overall during aerobic respiration? | About 36 ATP per glucose molecule |
| Does fermentation require oxygen? | Fermentation does NOT require oxygen |
| Why is fermentation necessary? | It regenerates NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue producing ATP when oxygen is unavailable |
| When do humans undergo fermentation? | During strenuous exercise when oxygen supply is limited |
| What is lactic acid fermentation? | Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, regenerating NAD⁺ |
| What organisms use lactic acid fermentation? | Human muscle cells and some bacteria |
| What is alcoholic fermentation? | Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and CO₂, regenerating NAD⁺ |
| What organisms use alcoholic fermentation? | Yeast and some microorganisms |
| Why is champagne fizzy? | east performs alcoholic fermentation, releasing carbon dioxide gas that creates bubbles |
| Cellular Respiration Equation | C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP (Energy) |
| Stages & ATP | 1) Glycolysis (Cytoplasm): 2 ATP, 2 NADH 2) Pyruvate Oxidation (Matrix): 2 NADH 3) Krebs Cycle (Matrix): 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂ 4) ETC (Inner Membrane): ~32 ATP |
| Glycolysis | 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate |
| Pyruvate oxidation | 2 NADH |
| Krebs cycle | 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂ |
| Before ETC | 4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH₂ |
| How does lactic acid fermentation work? | 1)Glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. 2)When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH. 3)Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid . 4)NADH becomes NAD⁺. 5)The regenerated NAD⁺ allows glycolysis to continue making ATP. |
| What is the formula for lactic acid fermentation | Pyruvate + NADH → Lactate + NAD⁺ |
| How does alcoholic fermentation work? | 1)Glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. 2)Pyruvate is converted into acetaldehyde, releasing CO₂. 3)Acetaldehyde accepts electrons from NADH. 4)Acetaldehyde is converted into ethanol . 5)NADH becomes NAD⁺, allowing glycolysis to continue. |
| What is the formula for alcoholic fermentation? | Pyruvate → Acetaldehyde + CO₂ Acetaldehyde + NADH → Ethanol + NAD⁺ |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Occurs in human muscle cells, Produces lactate, No CO₂ released, Regenerates NAD⁺, Allows glycolysis to continue |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | Occurs in yeast, Produces ethanol, CO₂ released, Regenerates NAD⁺, Allows glycolysis to continue |
| What is the purpose of both fermentation pathways? | To regenerate NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue producing ATP when oxygen is unavailable |
Created by:
jsminnie118
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