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Ecology
Life history
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ultimate goal of organisms existance | to survive to reproduce and pass on their genes to the next generation |
| Fitness proxies (cannot directly measure fitness | # of offspring in single/multiple seasons, survival of indiv over season, surv of offspring to indepen, amount of time/effort spent foraging, choice to forage in riskier environments |
| Strategies | growth rate of juvenile, time to and size at hatching/birth; time/size at metamorphesis; time/size at sexual maturity, # of breeding events; #/size of offspring per breeding event; parental investment |
| 3 different plant life history traits | Stress tolerators, competitors, ruderals |
| Stress tolerators (Potential growth rate, age of sexual maturity, proportion of energy used to make seeds, importance of vegetative reproduction) | Slow, late, low, important |
| Competitors (Potential growth rate, age of sexual maturity, proportion of energy used to make seeds, importance of vegetative reproduction) | fast, early, low, important |
| Ruderals (Potential growth rate, age of sexual maturity, proportion of energy used to make seeds, importance of vegetative reproduction) | fast, early, high, not important |
| Optimality in different cases | theres trade offs, constraints (Evolutionary, physiological, morphological) natural selection chooses from traits that organ already has, doesnt create new ones + selects for the best ones for the environ so optimum should be seen should t-o/con be con |
| Principle of Allocation | A “pie” energy budget for survival, growth + reproduction. Theres only so much total energy that can be used so if more energy is used for one aspect it must be taken from another and vice versa |
| Trade off examples | offspring #/offspring size; offspring #/parental care; fecundity/parental care/survival; growth/survival; # of reproductive events/survival; timing of life stages/survival + fecundity |
| Offspring # vs survival european magpie example | expiramental egg number placing, was found that 7 was the “optimal” amount allowing as many fledglings to make it to adulthood. More hatchlings means more energy having to be spent by parents which there might not be enough of |
| Offspring # vs parental survival european kastrel example | increased # of offspring = more =chicks hatched, but lower survival rate for parents |
| Age at maturity vs longevity + fecundity | younger maturity = smaller = lower fecundity = higher prob of surviving to mat ; older maturity = larger size = higher fecundity = lower prob of surviving to maturity ->> younger maturity = shorter lifespan after sexual maturity |
| Parity definition | |
| Semelparous definition | Organisms only reproduce once before dying, Putting all your eggs in 1 basket, Good for stable environment |
| Iteroparous definition | Organisms reproduce many times over their lifespan-Bet hedging=spreading the risk over more then 1 year, good for more unstable environment |
| Senescence meaning in terms of life history | decline in physiological function with increasing age, even if more years =more potential reproduction, there is an accumulation of defects with age, cost of reproduction. + litlle selection of post reproduction traits to consider |
| Challenges of a variable environment | storage of nutrients, dormancy, migration, (life history char also display |
| How to organisms know when to transition between life stages (ex hatching, reproductive senescence, dormancy, birth, etc) | photoperiod, envronmental temps, precipitation, predators, food availability; evolution of the optimal reaction norms means variation in the expression of the genotype ex when u mature |
| Climate change + flowering times | global temperatures have risen since the 1850’s so we can observe if flowering times have also started earlier - if so they they could go off of that, if not could be photoperiod which remain unchanged (period of light/darkness plant is exposed to daily) |
| evolution of the optimum is often by….. | stabilizing selection |
Created by:
every_august
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