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Biology CH 6
Chapter 6 Study Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy: | The capacity to do work |
| Work: | Any action that requires energy, such as moving matter or causing change |
| Potential energy: | Stored energy (ex: chemical bonds) |
| Kinetic energy: | Energy of motion (ex: moving molecules) |
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? | Energy transformations increase entropy (disorder) |
| What are the first two laws of thermodynamics? | 1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. 2nd Law: Energy transformations increase entropy (disorder). |
| Exergonic (catabolic): | Release energy (ex: cellular respiration). |
| Endergonic (anabolic): | Require energy (ex: photosynthesis). |
| Coupled reaction: | Energy released by exergonic reactions powers endergonic reactions. |
| What are energy carrier molecules? | Energy carriers temporarily store and transfer energy. |
| What is the most common energy carrier molecule? | ATP |
| Other than ATP what are other energy carrier molecules? | NADH, FADH₂, NADPH |
| Is ATP for short‑ or long‑term energy storage? | Short‑term storage |
| Why is ATP for short‑ term energy storage? | ATP is unstable and used quickly |
| For ATP how is energy extracted? | Energy is released when the last phosphate bond is broken (ATP → ADP + Pi) |
| What is a redox reaction? | A reaction where one molecule is oxidized (loses electrons) and another is reduced (gains electrons). |
| What is chemical equilibrium? | Equilibrium = no net change in reactants/products |
| How do cells prevent chemical equilibrium? | by constantly removing products or adding reactants. |
| What is an electron transport chain? | A series of proteins that pass electrons step‑by‑step, releasing energy to make ATP. |
| Why are catalysts important? | they lower activation energy |
| What do catalysts do to activation energy? | ,speeding up reactions. |
| Most common catalysts | enzymes, made of proteins. |
| How do enzymes work? | Substrates bind to the enzyme’s active site, forming an enzyme‑substrate complex. The enzyme converts substrates into products. |
| How do cells regulate enzyme activity? | Negative feedback and Positive feedback |
| Negative feedback: | Product inhibits the pathway (most common) |
| Positive feedback: | Product increases pathway activity. |
| Competitive inhibition | Inhibitor binds to active site. |
| Allosteric inhibition | Inhibitor binds elsewhere, changing enzyme shape. |
| How does Advil work? | Advil (ibuprofen) inhibits COX enzymes, reducing prostaglandins (pain signals) |
| Does Advil cure a headache? | No it only reduces pain signaling |
| How does the environment control enzyme activity? | Temperature, pH, and salt concentration affect enzyme shape. |
| Denatured: | Enzyme loses its shape → loses function. |
Created by:
jsminnie118
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