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Biology CH 6
Chapter 6 Study Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy: | The capacity to do work |
| Work: | The movement of matter against an opposing force. |
| Potential energy: | STORED energy (ex: Glucose, ATP, Water behind a dam) |
| Kinetic energy: | Energy of motion (ex: MOVING water, Muscle movement, Heat) |
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? | Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another. |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? | Every energy transfer increases entropy (disorder). Some energy is always lost as heat. |
| Exergonic (catabolic): | Release energy , Break molecules down(ex: cellular respiration), digestion of food. |
| Endergonic (anabolic): | Require energy input, Build larger molecules (ex: photosynthesis, protein synthesis). |
| Coupled reaction: | Energy released by exergonic reactions powers endergonic reactions. Example: Cellular respiration releases energy that cells use to build molecules. |
| What are energy carrier molecules? | Molecules that temporarily store and transfer energy within cells. |
| What is the most common energy carrier molecule? | ATP |
| Other than ATP what are other energy carrier molecules? | NADH, FADH₂, NADPH |
| Is ATP important for short‑ or long‑term energy storage? | Short‑term storage |
| Why is ATP important for short‑ term energy storage? | ATP is unstable and used quickly and Long-term storage is usually glycogen or fat. |
| For ATP how is energy extracted? | Energy is released when the last phosphate bond is broken (ATP → ADP + Pi) |
| What is a redox reaction? | A reaction involving the transfer of electrons (OIL RIG) --- Oxidation is Loss and Reduction is Gain |
| What is chemical equilibrium? | Forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, No net change occurs. |
| How do cells prevent chemical equilibrium? | Constantly use products and Constantly supply reactants, This keeps reactions moving forward. |
| What is an electron transport chain? | A series of electron carrier proteins, Electrons move from one carrier to another, Energy released is used to produce ATP. --- Found in: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts |
| Why are catalysts so important? | Catalysts speed up chemical reactions, They lower activation energy, They are not consumed during the reaction. |
| What do catalysts do to activation energy? | ,speeding up reactions. |
| Most common biological catalysts | enzymes |
| How do enzymes work? | Substrate, Active Site, Product --- Process SERPPE 1) Substrate binds to enzyme's active site. 2) Enzyme lowers activation energy. 3) Reaction occurs. 4) Products are formed. 5) Products are released. 6)Enzyme is unchanged |
| How do cells regulate enzyme activity? | Negative feedback and Positive feedback |
| Negative feedback: | Product decreases reaction activity, Maintains homeostasis. (Example: Regulation of blood glucose) |
| Positive feedback: | Product increases reaction activity, Amplifies a process.(Example: Blood clotting) |
| Competitive inhibition | Inhibitor binds to active site, Competes with substrate |
| Allosteric inhibition | Inhibitor binds somewhere other than active site, Changes enzyme shape, Active site no longer functions properly. |
| How does Advil work? | Advil (ibuprofen) inhibits enzymes involved in prostaglandin production, Fewer prostaglandins = less pain and inflammation. |
| Does Advil cure a headache? | No ,It only reduces symptoms. |
| What environmental factors control enzyme activity? | Factors Affecting Enzymes --- Temperature, pH, Salt concentration, Substrate concentration, Inhibitors |
| Denatured: | An enzyme loses its specific shape, Active site changes shape, Enzyme can no longer function properly. -----Common causes: High temperature and Extreme pH |
| What are the redox reactions | Oxidation and Reduction |
| In redox reaction what is Oxidation? | Loss of electrons |
| In redox reaction what is Reduction? | Gain of electrons |
| What are enzymes made of? | Proteins (With a few RNA exceptions) |
| Energy | ability to do work |
| Potential energy | stored energy |
| Kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| First Law | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| Second Law | energy conversions increase entropy |
| Exergonic | releases energy (catabolic) |
| Endergonic | requires energy (anabolic) |
| ATP | main energy carrier --- ATP → ADP + Pi + Energy |
| OIL RIG: | Oxidation = Loss Reduction = Gain |
| Enzymes _______activation energy | LOWER |
| Competitive inhibition = | active site blocked |
| Allosteric inhibition = | enzyme shape changes |
| Denatured = | enzyme loses shape and function |
Created by:
jsminnie118
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