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Biology CH5
Chapter 5 Study Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Main components of the plasma membrane: | Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates. |
| Types of proteins in the plasma membrane: | Transport proteins, channel proteins, carrier proteins, receptor proteins, recognition proteins, enzymatic proteins. |
| Why cholesterol is found in the plasma membrane: | Stabilizes membrane fluidity and prevents it from becoming too rigid or too fluid. |
| Solute: | Substance being dissolved. |
| Solvent: | Substance doing the dissolving. |
| Solution: | Mixture of solute + solvent. |
| Diffusion: | Movement of solutes from high concentration to low concentration without energy. |
| Main principles of diffusion: | Moves down concentration gradient; passive; continues until equilibrium is reached. |
| Simple diffusion: | Solutes pass directly through membrane lipids. |
| Facilitated diffusion: | Solutes move through channel or carrier proteins. |
| Aquaporins: | Channel proteins that allow water to move quickly across membranes. |
| Osmosis: | Diffusion of water across a membrane from low solute to high solute concentration. |
| Isotonic: | Equal solute inside and outside the cell. |
| Hypertonic: | Higher solute outside the cell. |
| Hypotonic: | Lower solute outside the cell. |
| Red Blood Cells in isotonic solution: | Stays the same size. |
| Red Blood Cells in hypertonic solution: | Shrinks (crenates) |
| Red Blood Cells in hypotonic solution: | Swells and may burst (lyse) |
| What plant cells “like”: | Hypotonic environment |
| Turgor pressure: | Pressure of water pushing the cell membrane against the cell wall. |
| Active transport: | Movement of molecules using ATP against the concentration gradient. |
| How ATP is used | ATP provides energy to change protein shape and pump molecules across the membrane. |
| Endocytosis: | Cell takes in large materials (example: engulfing bacteria) |
| Exocytosis: | Cell releases materials (example: hormone secretion) |
| Pinocytosis: | Cell takes in fluids (“cell drinking”). |
| Sodium-potassium pump: | Uses ATP to move 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ into the cell. |
| Desmosome: | Anchoring junction (example: skin cells) |
| Tight junction: | Seals cells together (example: intestinal lining) |
| Gap junction: | Allows communication between animal cells (example: heart muscle) |
| Plasmodesmata: | Channels between plant cells |
| Local signaling: | Cells communicate with nearby cells (example: neurotransmitters). |
| Long-distance signaling: | Hormones travel through blood to distant cells |
| What are the main functions of the plasma membrane? | Controls what enters and leaves the cell, maintains homeostasis, enables communication, provides protection, and supports cell structure. |
| How do solutes move? | Movement is down the concentration gradient |
| When solutes move, does it require energy? | No energy required. |
| What tonicity do plant cells prefer? | Plant cells prefer hypotonic environments. |
| How does sodium‑potassium pump work? | maintaining gradients essential for nerve impulses |
Created by:
jsminnie118
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