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Biology CH 5
Chapter 5 Study Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Main components of the plasma membrane: | Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates. |
| Types of proteins in the plasma membrane: | Transport proteins, channel proteins, carrier proteins, receptor proteins, recognition proteins, enzymatic proteins. |
| Why cholesterol is found in the plasma membrane: | Helps maintain membrane fluidity and stability ----- Prevents membrane from becoming too rigid and Prevents membrane from becoming too fluid |
| Solute: | Substance being dissolved (salt) |
| Solvent: | Substance doing the dissolving (water) |
| Solution: | Mixture of solute and solvent. |
| What is diffusion | Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration |
| Main principles of diffusion: | Molecules move from high to low concentration, Continues until equilibrium is reached, No energy required, Movement is caused by random molecular motion |
| Simple diffusion: | Solutes pass directly through membrane lipids and No transport protein needed. |
| Facilitated diffusion: | Solutes move through channel or carrier proteins and no ATP needed |
| Aquaporins: | Special protein channels that allow water to cross the membrane quickly |
| Osmosis: | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| What does it mean if a solution is isotonic? | Equal solute inside and outside the cell. |
| What does it mean if a solution is Hypertonic? | Higher solute outside the cell. |
| What does it mean if a solution is Hypotonic? | Lower solute outside the cell. |
| What happens to a red blood cell in isotonic solution: | Stays the same size... Cell remains normal |
| What happens to a red blood cell in hypertonic solution: | Water leaves cell, Cell shrivels (crenates) |
| What happens to a red blood cell in hypotonic solution: | Water enters cell , Cell swells and may burst (lyse) |
| In terms of tonicity, what do plant cells "like" to be? | a hypotonic environment - Water enters the cell and fills the central vacuole. |
| What is turgor pressure? | Pressure of contents pushing against the cell wall - This keeps plants firm and upright. |
| What is active transport? | Movement of substances against their concentration gradient -- Low concentration → High concentration |
| How ATP is used | ATP provides energy to change protein shape and pump molecules across the membrane. |
| Endocytosis: | Cell takes material into the cell --Example: White blood cell engulfing bacteria |
| Exocytosis: | Cell releases material out of the cell -- Example: Release of hormones or neurotransmitters |
| Pinocytosis: | Cell takes in fluids (“cell drinking”) -- Example: Absorption of dissolved nutrients |
| What is the sodium-potassium pump? | Uses ATP to move 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ into the cell. |
| Desmosome: | Anchoring junction (example: skin cells) |
| Tight junction: | Seals cells together (example: intestinal lining) |
| Gap junction: | Allows communication between animal cells (example: heart muscle) |
| Plasmodesmata: | Channels between plant cells (example: plant tissues) |
| Local signaling: | Cells communicate with nearby cells (example: neurotransmitters). |
| Long-distance signaling: | Hormones travel through blood to distant cells |
| What are the main functions of the plasma membrane? | Separates the cell from its environment, Regulates what enters and leaves the cell, Maintains homeostasis, Cell communication and recognition, Provides structural support |
| How do solutes move? | Movement is down the concentration gradient |
| When solutes move, does it require energy? | No energy required. |
| What tonicity do plant cells prefer? | Plant cells prefer hypotonic environments. |
| How does sodium‑potassium pump work? | maintaining gradients essential for nerve impulses |
| What are the main types of proteins found in the plasma membrane? | Integral proteins (embedded in membrane), Peripheral proteins (attached to membrane surface) |
| What functions are included in the integral proteins and peripheral proteins found in the plasma membrane? | Transport, Cell recognition, Receptors, Enzymes |
| Example of solute | Salt |
| Example of solvent | Water |
| Example of solution | Saltwater |
| In what way do solutes move? | move down their concentration gradient |
| Does diffusion require energy? | No ATP required |
| Examples of Simple Diffusion | Oxygen Carbon dioxide |
| Examples of Facilitated Diffusion | Glucose Ions |
| How does water move in osmosis? | Low solute → High solute OR High water concentration → Low water concentration |
| What type of junctions are found between cells? | Tight Junctions, Desmosome, Gap Junction, Plasmodesmata |
| How can cells establish local signaling? | Nearby cells communicate .......Methods: Direct cell-to-cell contact, Local chemical messengers Example: Growth factors |
| How can cells establish long-distance signaling? | Hormones travel through bloodstream .... Example: Insulin released by pancreas |
| Diffusion | High → Low concentration |
| Active Transport | Low → High concentration + ATP |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water |
| Hypotonic | Water enters cell |
| Hypertonic | Water leaves cell |
| Sodium-Potassium Pump | 3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in |
| Plant cells prefer | hypotonic solutions |
| Endocytosis | Into cell |
| Exocytosis | Out of cell |
| Gap Junctions | Animal cell communication |
| Plasmodesmata | Plant cell communication |
| Cholesterol | Maintains membrane fluidity |
Created by:
jsminnie118
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