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Biology CH3
Chapter 3 Study questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What defines an organic molecule? | The simultaneous presence of both carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) |
| What are the four major macromolecules? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| What are the two main functions of carbohydrates? | Short‑term energy storage and structural support. |
| What carbohydrate is stored in animals? | Glycogen |
| What carbohydrate is stored in plants? | Starch |
| What structural carbohydrate is found in plant cell walls? | Cellulose |
| What structural carbohydrate is found in insects, lobsters, and fungi? | Chitin |
| What are the monomers of carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides and disaccharides. |
| What are polysaccharides? | Long chains of monosaccharides (complex carbohydrates) |
| What reaction builds polysaccharides? | Dehydration synthesis (removes water). |
| What reaction breaks polysaccharides into monomers? | Hydrolysis (adds water) |
| What is the function of nucleic acids? | Store, transmit, and execute genetic instructions |
| What are the two types of nucleic acids? | DNA and RNA. |
| What is the monomer of nucleic acids? | Nucleotide |
| What three parts make up a nucleotide? | Phosphate group, 5‑carbon sugar, nitrogenous base. |
| What sugar does DNA contain? | Deoxyribose |
| What sugar does RNA contain? | Ribose |
| Which nitrogenous bases are purines? | Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) |
| Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? | Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U). |
| Which base is found only in DNA? | Thymine (T) |
| Which base is found only in RNA? | Uracil (U) |
| What bonds hold DNA base pairs together? | Hydrogen bonds |
| What bonds form the DNA sugar‑phosphate backbone? | Covalent bonds. |
| What is ATP? | The cell’s main energy currency. |
| What are NAD⁺ and FAD? | Short‑term electron carriers in metabolism. |
| Why are lipids hydrophobic? | They consist mostly of nonpolar carbon‑hydrogen bonds |
| Why don’t lipids form polymers? | They do not use repeating monomers or dehydration synthesis. |
| What are the three major categories of lipids? | Fats/oils/waxes, phospholipids, steroids. |
| What is a triglyceride? | Glycerol + three fatty acids. |
| What type of fat has only single C–C bonds? | Saturated fat |
| What type of fat has one or more C=C double bonds? | Unsaturated fat. |
| Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature? | Kinked chains prevent tight packing |
| What are trans fats? | Hydrogenated unsaturated fats that raise LDL and lower HDL. |
| What is the function of waxes? | Waterproofing (plants, beehives, aquatic mammals). |
| What are the parts of a phospholipid? | Hydrophilic phosphate head + two hydrophobic fatty acid tails. |
| What structure do phospholipids form in water? | A lipid bilayer (cell membrane). |
| What is the basic structure of a steroid? | Four fused carbon rings. |
| What is cholesterol used for? | Membrane stability and hormone precursor. |
| What is HDL? | “Good” cholesterol that goes to the liver for breakdown |
| What is LDL? | “Bad” cholesterol that forms plaque in blood vessels. |
| What are the monomers of proteins? | Amino acids |
| What are the four parts of an amino acid? | Central carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl group, R group. |
| What bond links amino acids? | Peptide bond. |
| What reaction forms peptide bonds? | Dehydration synthesis. |
| Name five protein functions. | Enzymes, transport, structure, movement, hormones, immunity, storage. |
| What is primary protein structure? | Linear amino acid sequence. |
| What is secondary structure? | Alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding. |
| What is tertiary structure? | 3D folding driven by R‑group interactions. |
| What is quaternary structure? | Multiple polypeptide subunits together. |
| How many protein structure levels are there? | There are four (4) levels |
| What is denaturation? | Loss of a protein’s 3D shape due to heat, pH, or salt. |
| Why do fevers help fight infections? | Pyrogens raise temperature to denature microbial proteins. |
| What causes sickle cell anemia? | A single amino acid substitution that changes hemoglobin shape. |
| What causes cystic fibrosis? | Misfolded membrane transport proteins. |
| What causes Alzheimer’s disease? | Misfolded proteins forming brain plaques. |
| What bonds determine hair shape? | Disulfide bonds |
| How do perms work? | Break disulfide bonds, then reform them around curlers. |
Created by:
jsminnie118
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