Save
Upgrade to remove ads
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or
Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
edit
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Biology CH1

Chapter 1 Study Questions

QuestionAnswer
What are the 5 core concepts of biology? Evolution, structure & function, genetic information, energy & matter, and systems.
What is science? The use of observations, evidence, reasoning, and testing to understand nature
What are the steps of the scientific method? Observation → Question → Hypothesis → Prediction → Experiment → Conclusion
What makes a hypothesis scientific? It must be testable and falsifiable.
What does it mean for results to be reproducible? Other scientists can repeat the experiment and obtain similar results.
What is a control group? A group that does not receive the experimental treatment and serves as a comparison.
What is an experimental group? A group that receives the treatment being tested.
What should be changed in a valid experiment? Only one variable should be changed while other variables remain constant.
Who disproved spontaneous generation? Louis Pasteur.
What did Pasteur demonstrate? Microorganisms come from contamination by existing microbes, not spontaneous generation.
What are Koch's Postulates? Criteria used to determine whether a microorganism causes a disease.
What bacterium causes most peptic ulcers? Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
How are most H. pylori ulcers treated? With antibiotics.
Who discovered penicillin? Alexander Fleming
What is a scientific theory? A strongly supported and repeatedly tested explanation that can be revised with new evidence.
What is induction? Reasoning from specific observations to a general conclusion.
What is deduction? Reasoning from a general principle to a specific prediction.
Does science provide absolute proof? No, scientific conclusions can change with new evidence.
What is evolution? Change over time in populations or gene pools
Who proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution? Charles Darwin
What is island dwarfism? The tendency for island mammals to evolve smaller body sizes due to limited resources and space.
What is an example of island dwarfism? Dwarf elephants whose adults were about the size of a large dog.
What were the "Hobbit People"? Homo floresiensis, a small-bodied hominid found on the island of Flores.
How many Galápagos finch species evolved from a common ancestor? 14 species
What adaptation does the woodpecker finch have? Uses sticks as tools to extract insects
What adaptation does the large ground finch have? A powerful nutcracker-like beak for large seeds.
What adaptation does the cactus finch have? A scissor-like beak specialized for cactus fruits and seeds.
How did Thomas Malthus influence Darwin? His ideas on population growth and limited resources helped inspire natural selection.
What are transitional fossils? Fossils showing intermediate stages between ancestral and descendant forms.
What is the general sequence of vertebrate evolution? Fish → Amphibians → Reptiles → Birds/Mammals
Which vertebrates evolved first? Fish
From what did amphibians evolve? Lobe-finned fish
What adaptation helped amphibians survive on land? Lungs
What adaptations allowed reptiles to be less dependent on water? Keratinized scales and amniotic eggs.
Birds evolved from which group? Reptiles
What mammalian traits evolved after reptiles? Hair and endothermy (warm-bloodedness).
What is secondary aquatic adaptation? Evolution in which land animals return to aquatic environments.
Give an example of secondary aquatic adaptation. Dolphins evolved from land-dwelling ancestors.
What vestigial structure do dolphins retain? Tiny pelvic/limb girdles.
Approximately how old is Earth? About 4.8 billion years.
What are homologous structures? Structures with a common evolutionary origin but different functions.
Give an example of homologous structures. The forelimbs of humans, bats, dolphins, cats, and horses.
What are analogous structures? Structures with similar functions but different evolutionary origins.
Give an example of analogous structures. Butterfly wings and bird wings
What molecular evidence supports evolution? Similarities and differences in DNA and proteins such as hemoglobin.
What is a phylogenetic tree? A diagram showing evolutionary relationships among organisms.
What three conditions are required for natural selection? Variation, overproduction of offspring, and environmental selection pressure.
What is carrying capacity? The maximum population size an environment can sustainably support.
What are structural adaptations? Physical features that enhance survival.
Example of a structural adaptation? Opposable thumbs.
What are physiological adaptations? Internal functional changes that aid survival.
Example of a physiological adaptation? Muscle building.
What are behavioral adaptations? Actions that improve survival or reproduction.
Example of a behavioral adaptation? Squirrels becoming comfortable around humans to obtain food.
What is evolutionary fitness? Relative reproductive success and survival.
Who studied industrial melanism in peppered moths? Bernard Kettlewell
Before industrialization, which moth color was favored? White moths (~90%).
Why were white moths favored before industrialization? Lichen-covered trees camouflaged them.
During industrialization, which moth color became favored? Black moths (~90%).
Why did black moths become favored? Soot darkened trees and lichens died
What happened after clean air laws reduced pollution? White moths again became the dominant form.
What are the eight major characteristics of life? Heredity, cellular organization, metabolism, growth, variation, reproduction, carbon-based composition, and response to stimuli.
What is heredity? Passing genetic information from parents to offspring.
What molecule stores hereditary information? DNA
What are the four DNA bases? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine
What does Cell Theory state? All living things are made of one or more cells.
What is metabolism? The sum of chemical reactions that obtain and use energy
What is homeostasis? Maintenance of stable internal conditions.
What is a stimulus? A change in the environment that causes a response.
Are viruses living organisms? No
Why are viruses considered nonliving? They lack cells, metabolism, growth, and independent reproduction.
What do viruses contain? DNA or RNA within a protein coat.
How do viruses reproduce? By hijacking host cells.
What are diatoms? Protists/algae with silica cell walls.
What is the role of mRNA? It carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes.
Where are proteins made? Ribosomes
What is a mutation? A change in DNA sequence.
Can mutations be beneficial, harmful, or neutral? Yes
What is vertical evolution? Evolutionary change passed through generations within a lineage.
What is horizontal gene transfer? Direct transfer of genes between unrelated organisms.
Why is horizontal gene transfer important? It promotes microbial diversity and antibiotic resistance.
What is antibiotic resistance? The ability of bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment.
Name three antibiotic-resistant bacteria discussed. MRSA, E. coli, and Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the smallest level of biological organization listed? Molecules/macromolecules.
What is the basic unit of life? The cell
What is a tissue? A group of similar cells performing a specific function.
What is an organ? A structure composed of multiple tissues.
What is an organism? An individual living thing.
What is a population? Members of the same species living in the same area.
What is a species? Organisms capable of interbreeding in nature.
What is a community? All populations in an area.
What is an ecosystem? A community and its abiotic environment.
What is the biosphere? All ecosystems on Earth.
Do prokaryotes have a nucleus? No
Do eukaryotes have a nucleus? Yes
What type of chromosome do prokaryotes have? One circular chromosome
What type of chromosomes do eukaryotes have? Multiple linear chromosomes.
How do prokaryotes divide? Binary fission.
How do eukaryotes divide? Mitosis
What ribosomes do prokaryotes have? 70S ribosomes
What ribosomes do eukaryotes have? 80S ribosomes
What cell wall component is unique to bacteria? Peptidoglycan
What are the three domains of life? Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Which domains are prokaryotic? Bacteria and Archaea
Which domain contains all eukaryotes? Eukarya
What are the four kingdoms of Eukarya? Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
Which kingdom includes mushrooms and yeast? Fungi
Which kingdom includes photosynthetic multicellular organisms? Plantae
Which kingdom includes multicellular organisms with internal digestion? Animalia
What domain do humans belong to? Eukarya
What kingdom do humans belong to? Animalia
What phylum do humans belong to? Chordata
What class do humans belong to? Mammalia
What order do humans belong to? Primates
What family do humans belong to? Hominidae
What genus do humans belong to? Homo
What species do humans belong to? sapiens
Mnemonic: Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Created by: jsminnie118
Popular Biology sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards