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Biomolecule 2026

TermDefinition
Carbohydrate Short-term, quick energy; provides structural support in plants and fungi cell walls. Examples include sugar and starches. Important organelles: Cell walls, Chloroplast, and Mitochondria
Cell wall Made of Carbs; Cellulose in Plants and Chitin in Fungi
Chloroplast Makes Carbs (glucose) during photosynthesis
Mitochondria Uses Carbs (glucose) to make ATP energy
Lipid Long-term, stored energy; regulates temperature. Examples include fats, oils, waxes, blubber. Important organelles: Smooth ER, Golgi body, and Cell membrane.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)/ Smooth ER Makes lipids and packages them. Has NO ribosomes.
Golgi body Packages and ships molecules (like proteins) out of the cell in LIPID vesicles through exocytosis
Exocytosis Molecules move OUT of the cell from vesicles
Endocytosis Molecules move INTO the cell forming vesicles
Cell membrane/Phospholipid bilayer/Plasma membrane The semipermeable structure that maintains homeostasis through the transport of molecules in/out of the cell. Mostly made of LIPIDS but contains some carbs and protein
Protein channel proteins found in the cell membrane that allow large molecules like glucose to pass through the membrane
Carbohydrate chain substance on the plasma membrane helps cells identify/recognize each other, the ID tag of the cell.
Protein Made of amino acids. Provides structural support in animals (muscles), aids in cell transport, and controls rate of reactions (ENZYMES). Important organelles: Rough ER, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Protein channel
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by building or breaking molecules
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)/ Rough ER Synthesizes/makes and packages proteins
Ribosomes Synthesize proteins, found in the RER or free-floating
Lysosomes filled with enzymes used to break down waste
Nucleic acid Biomolecule that stores and transmits genetic info. Examples include DNA and RNA. Euk: Linear chromosomes, Pro: Loop DNA & Plasmids. Important organelles - Ribosomes (use RNA to make protein) and Nucleus (in Euk only)
Nucleotide Building block of nucleic acid, made of three parts: Phosphate, Deoxyribose sugar, Nitrogen base (A,T,C,G)
Base pairing in DNA A with T and C with G (Apples in Trees, Cars in Garages)
Nitrogen Base Part of the nucleotide that stores genetic information
DNA backbone Made of sugar and phosphate, the sides of the DNA ladder
Created by: Mrs.Finning
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