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Microbiology
| Question | Answer | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| These are the primary molecules making up the plasma membrane in cells _ | Lipids | Proteins | |
| Enzymes are made up of _ | Proteins | Carbohydrates | |
| What is a disulfide bond? | A covalent bond between two sulfur atoms in cysteine | A peptide bond linking amino acids in a chain | |
| What are the strongest and weakest bonds? | Strongest-covalent bond; weakest-hydrogen bond | Strongest-Ionic bond; weakest-covalent bond | |
| Which statement correctly describes the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond? | Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared; ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred | Ionic bonds involve sharing electrons; covalent bonds involve donating electrons | |
| What type of molecule contains glycerol? | Lipids | Carbohydrates | |
| Yeast is a fungus. T/F | True | False | |
| Which statement correctly explains how carbohydrates (like sugar) are converted into alcohol? | Yeast breaks down carbohydrates into ethanol and carbon dioxide during fermentation | Carbohydrates are converted into alcohol only when oxygen is present | |
| Oxygen is necessary for fermentation. T/F | False | True | |
| What is required in order for yeast to produce CO₂ & water? | Oxygen | Carbohydrates | |
| What is required in order for yeast to produce ethanol & CO₂? | No oxygen | ATP | |
| Lactic acid is necessary for cells to produce ATP during anaerobic respiration. T/F | True | False | |
| Which statement correctly describes DNA? | DNA is a nucleic acid made of nucleotides | DNA is a protein made of amino acids | |
| Which statement correctly describes a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasma membranes? | Eukaryotic membranes contain sterols like cholesterol; most prokaryotic membranes do not | Prokaryotic membranes contain cholesterol; eukaryotic membranes do not | |
| Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic membranes are phospholipid bilayers. T/F | True | False | |
| What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane of eukaryotic/prokaryotic cells? | It prevents the membrane from becoming too rigid in cold temperatures and too fluid in warm temperatures | It removes phospholipids from the membrane to reduce movement | |
| Which statement correctly describes a difference between fungal and bacterial cell walls? | Fungal cell walls contain chitin; bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan | Bacterial cell walls contain chitin; fungal cell walls contain peptidoglycan | |
| Which statement correctly describes the relationship between prokaryotes and bacteria? | All bacteria are prokaryotes, but prokaryotes also include archaea | All prokaryotes are bacteria, and there are no other types of prokaryotes | |
| Which structural feature is characteristic of carbohydrates? | They typically follow a C:H:O ratio of 1:2:1 and often form ring structures | They contain nitrogenous bases attached to a sugar‑phosphate backbone | |
| Which structural feature distinguishes lipids from other organic molecules? | They consist of fatty acids attached to glycerol, forming long hydrophobic chains | They have many hydroxyl groups and form ring structures | |
| Which structural characteristic is unique to proteins? | They are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds | They contain nitrogenous bases | |
| Which structural feature defines nucleic acids? | They are composed of nucleotides containing a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base | They are made of amino acids with variable R‑groups | |
| Which structural feature distinguishes lipids from other organic molecules? | They contain long hydrocarbon chains with very few oxygen atoms | ||
| Which structural characteristic is unique to proteins? | They are made of amino acids with variable R‑groups | ||
| Which structural feature defines nucleic acids? | They contain nitrogenous bases attached to a sugar‑phosphate backbone | ||
| Which structural feature defines nucleic acids? | They contain a sugar‑phosphate backbone | ||
| Which structural feature defines nucleic acids? | They are composed of repeating nucleotide units | ||
| Which structural feature is characteristic of carbohydrates? | They consist of monosaccharides linked together | ||
| What type of molecule never contains a phosphate group? | Lipids | Carbohydrates | |
| Glucose & fructose are _ | Monosaccharides | Disaccharides | |
| Sucrose is a _ | Disaccharide | Monosaccharide | |
| Why would radioactive S³⁵ be found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae? | Because proteins contain sulfur‑bearing amino acids | Because DNA contains sulfur | |
| Why would radioactive P³² be found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae? | Because DNA and RNA have phosphate in their backbone | Because proteins contain large amounts of phosphate | |
| H₂SO₄ | acid | base | |
| HF | acid | base | |
| KH₂PO₄ | acid | base | |
| MgSO₄ | salt | base | |
| NaOH | base | salt | |
| Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose | C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ | C₁₂H₂₃O₁₀ | |
| Two glucose molecules | C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂ | C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ | |
| Glucose | C₆H₁₂O₆ | C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ | |
| Lactic acid | C₃H₆O₃ | C₁₂H₂₃O₁₀ | |
| What type of molecule never contains a phosphate group? | None of the above | Lipids | |
| Starch, dextran, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of | Glucose | Amino acids | |
| Dark‑field microscopy is primarily used for | Observing live, unstained, thin organisms such as spirochetes | Viewing stained bacteria with high internal detail | |
| Which of the following microorganisms cannot be effectively observed using a dark-field microscope? | Thick pigmented fungi | Treponema pallidum | |
| DIC microscopy is best used for | Producing high‑contrast, 3D‑like images of live, unstained cells | Detecting capsules using India ink | |
| Phase‑contrast microscopy is especially useful for which type of specimen? | Live, unstained, transparent cells that need internal detail revealed | Spirochetes requiring a dark background for visibility | |
| Phase‑contrast microscopy is primarily used for | Observing live, unstained, transparent cells with visible internal structures | Producing 3D‑like images of eukaryotic cells | |
| When is a compound light microscope used? | Observing stained bacterial morphology | Viewing intracellular detail in a living cell | |
| A fluorescence microscope is most appropriately used when | You want to highlight specific cellular structures using fluorescent dyes | ||
| A scanning electron microscopy is used when | You want to observe surface topography at a very high magnification | ||
| An electron microscope is most appropriate used when you need to | Visualize viruses or ultrastructure below the limits of light microscopy | ||
| A dark field microscope is most appropriately used when you need to | Visualize thin, unstained, live organisms that are hard to see in brightfield | ||
| Which microscope uses phase shifts in light to visualize internal structures of living, unstained cells? | Phase contrast | Electron microscope | |
| What is a phase shift in light microscopy? | A change in the timing of a light wave after passing through a specimen | A change in the color of a light wave | |
| After the decolorizing agent is applied in a Gram stain, Gram-negative bacteria appear _ | Colorless | Purple | |
| Why do Gram-negative bacteria become colorless after the decolorizing step in a Gram stain? | Their thin peptidoglycan layer cannot retain the crystal-violet-iodine complex once the outer membrane is disrupted | Their thick peptidoglycan layer forces the dye out | |
| Which statement correctly explains why Gram-positive bacteria do not lose the crystal-violet-iodine complex during the decolorizing step? | Their thick peptidoglycan layer traps the crystal-violet-iodine complex, preventing it from being washed out | Their thin peptidoglycan layer allows the dye to escape easily | |
| Crystal violet is used during which part of the Gram stain procedure? | As the primary stain that initially colors all cells purple | As the counterstain | |
| What color do gram-positive stain? | Purple | Pink | |
| What color do gram-negative stain? | Pink | Purple | |
| Crystal violet is used during which part of the Gram stain procedure? | As the primary stain that initially colors all cells purple | As the counterstain | |
| Safranin is used during which step of the Gram stain procedure? | As the counterstain applied after decolorization | As the decolorizer | |
| What is the purpose of the mordant in the Gram stain? | To form a complex with crystal violet that enhances retention in Gram‑positive cells | To stain all cells purple | |
| Which statement correctly describes the role of the mordant (iodine) in the Gram stain? | It is applied to all cells but is retained better by Gram‑positive cells | It differentiates Gram‑positive from Gram‑negative cells | |
| What are mycoplasmas? | Bacteria that lack a cell wall | Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layers | |
| Do gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall? | Yes, they have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall | Yes, they have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall | |
| Do all eukaryotes have the 9+2 microtubule arrangement? | No, only eukaryotes with cilia or flagella have the 9+2 structure | Yes, every eukaryotic cell has 9+2 microtubules | |
| What organism lives in extreme environments? | Archaea | Gram-negative bacteria | |
| Lysozyme is effective against what kind of bacteria? | Gram-positive | Gram-negative | |
| What is the primary function of a bacterial endospore? | Enable survival in extreme environmental conditions | Allow rapid bacterial reproduction | |
| Endospores are mainly | Gram-positive | Gram-negative | |
| What is the primary role of a ribosome in the cell? | To synthesize proteins from mRNA templates | To replicate DNA during cell division | |
| Which statement correctly distinguishes DNA polymerase from a ribosome? | DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA, while ribosomes synthesize proteins | Ribosomes replicate DNA during cell division, while DNA polymerase builds proteins | |
| 0.9% NaCl & Lactated Ringer's solution are examples of | Isotonic solution | Hypertonic solution | Hypotonic solution |
| Which statement correctly distinguishes cilia from flagella in eukaryotic cells? | Cilia are short and numerous, while flagella are long and few | Cilia rotate like bacterial flagella, while eukaryotic flagella beat back and forth | |
| Which statement best describes a functional difference between cilia and flagella? | Cilia move fluid across a cell’s surface, while flagella propel the entire cell | Cilia rotate like propellers, while flagella beat in coordinated waves | |
| Which statement correctly describes the relationship between chloroplasts and thylakoids? | Thylakoids are membrane sacs inside chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur | Thylakoids store glucose produced during photosynthesis | |
| Which statement correctly describes the functional difference between cilia and pili? | Cilia allow eukaryotic cells to move or sweep materials, while pili allow bacteria to attach to surfaces or transfer DNA | Cilia are used by bacteria for conjugation, while pili help human cells move mucus | |
| Distilled water is | Hypotonic | Hypertonic | Isotonic |
| Which statement best describes the primary difference between the rough ER and smooth ER? | Rough ER synthesizes proteins, while smooth ER synthesizes lipids | Rough ER produces steroids, while smooth ER packages secretory vesicles | |
| What is the primary function of the Golgi complex in eukaryotic cells? | Modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids | Detoxification of drugs and storage of calcium ions | |
| Which feature correctly distinguishes archaea from bacteria? | Archaea have ether-linked membrane lipids, while bacteria have ester-linked lipids | Archaea are always extremophiles, while bacteria only live in mild environments | |
| Which statement correctly distinguishes fimbriae from pili? | Fimbriae are short and numerous, while pili are longer and fewer | Pili are found only in Gram-positive bacteria, while fimbriae are found only in Gram-negative bacteria | |
| Fimbriae and pili are mostly found in gram-negative bacteria. T/F | True | False | |
| what is catabolized in glycolysis? | Glucose | Glycogen | |
| What is the primary role of the Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration? | To generate NADH and FADH2 for the electron transport chain | To break down glucose into pyruvate | |
| What is the primary function of the pentose phosphate pathway? | To produce NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate | To oxidize fatty acids for energy | |
| Why are NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate essential products of the pentose phosphate pathway? | NADPH powers antioxidant defense and biosynthesis, while ribose-5-phosphate is required for nucleotide production | NADPH is used for ATP synthesis, and ribose-5-phosphate is used to make amino acids | |
| Why does the Entner–Doudoroff pathway provide certain bacteria with metabolic flexibility? | It allows glucose breakdown even when key glycolytic enzymes are missing | It replaces both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway entirely | |
| Which organism is a classic example of a photoautotroph? | Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra | Chloroflexus, Heliobacterium | |
| Which organism is a photoheterotroph that uses light for energy but requires organic molecules for carbon? | Rhodospirillum, Rhodopseudomonas palustris | Cyanobacteria, Diatoms | |
| Which statement correctly describes alcohol use as a carbon source in phototrophic organisms? | Photoautotrophs cannot use alcohols for carbon, but some photoheterotrophs can | Photoautotrophs can use alcohols for carbon, but photoheterotrophs cannot | |
| Which characteristic best defines spirochetes? | They are spiral-shaped bacteria with internal flagella | They are rod-shaped bacteria with external flagella | |
| Why does the pH of a lipid-rich medium decrease when bacteria produce lipase? | Lipase releases fatty acids that donate H⁺ ions | Lipase converts lipids into alkaline compounds | |
| What is the primary function of an allosteric inhibitor? | It binds to a regulatory site and changes the enzyme’s shape, reducing activity | It increases the enzyme’s affinity for its substrate | |
| Why are allosteric inhibitors important in cellular metabolism? | They allow cells to regulate enzyme activity based on energy needs | They replace ATP as the main energy source in the cell | |
| Which option best describes a key difference between quinones and cytochromes in the electron transport chain? | Quinones are lipid‑soluble mobile carriers, while cytochromes are protein‑bound heme carriers | Cytochromes carry both electrons and protons, while quinones carry only electrons | |
| Which option describes a similarity between quinones and cytochromes? | Both participate in electron transfer within the electron transport chain | Both carry protons across the membrane |
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whoizthavuchild
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