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Ultimate BIO stack 4
Cell Cycle Mitosis and Meiosis, Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The life cycle of the cell | Cell Cycle |
| Non dividing phase, Longest stage of cell The cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division | Interphase |
| First Gap Phase, Cell increases in volume, Cell preparing all the chemicals necessary for DNA synthesis, duplication of organelles | G1Phase |
| There is an active synthesis of histones (proteins than DNA wraps around) Genetic material of each chromosome is replicated | S Phase (synthesis phase) |
| Start of mitotic spindle formation, Chromatin fiber starts to fold to form a chromosome | G2Phase |
| Cell division proper, Dividing phase, It is a multistep process for the formation of two new identical daughter cells | M Phase |
| are not actively preparing to divide, There has to be an external signal to trigger the onset of first gap phase | G0Phase |
| Divided into a series of phases: PMAT | Mitosis, karyokinesis |
| Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, Chromosomes thicken and shorten, Centrioles are duplicated, Nuclear envelope breaks down | Prophase |
| Centrioles are on the opposite ends of the nucleus, Chromosomes are completely attached to the spindle fibers and move or meet toward the equator/middle/center | Metaphase |
| Sister chromatids start to separate, Two identical sets of chromosomes move away toward the opposite poles | Anaphase |
| Start of cytokinesis wherein the cytoplasm of the cell split into two, making two new cells, Formation of cleavage furrow | Telophase |
| Type of cell division in which the chromosomes number of the daughter cell is reduced into half, Composed of two successive cell division. | Meiosis |
| Reduction Division, Homologous Chromosomes come in pair, Composed of four (4) stages. | Meiosis I |
| Equational Division, Sister chromatids of each chromosomes separate leading to the formation of four (4) mature sex cells, Composed of four (4) stages | Meiosis II |
| What is the acronym for Prophase 1? | L Z P D D |
| Almost similar to the early stage of prophase in mitosis, Chromatin fibers begin to condense in Prophase 1 | Leptotene |
| During this stage in Prophase 1, chromosomes line up to form homologous chromosome pairs. Forming tetrads | Zygotene |
| Prophase 1 Chromosomes shorten and thicken; crossing over (exchanging genetic material). Crossing over | Pachytene |
| Disintegration of nuclear envelope in Prophase 1 | Diplotene |
| Formation of spindle fibers then they attach to the tetrads in Prophase 1 | Diakinesis |
| What is the acronym for Mitosis? | P M A T |
| In meiosis 1, Nuclear membrane completely disintegrated and the spindle fibers are now completely attached to the tetrads. Moving to the metaphase plate. | Metaphase I |
| In meiosis 1, Chromosomes move from the center of the cell to the opposite poles | Anaphase I |
| In meiosis 1, Cytoplasm divide and the nuclear membrane is formed | Telophase I |
| In meiosis 1, The cytoplasm of the cell split into two, making two new cells | Cytokinesis I |
| (two) Similar to the mitotic prophase except that it contains HAPLOID chromosomes (a complete set of unpaired chromosomes) | Prophase II |
| (two) Formation of spindle fibers Chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate. No matching chromosome pairs, as they were already separated in the first meiotic division. | Metaphase II |
| (two) Daughter chromosomes move toward the opposite poles. As single stranded chromosomes. | Anaphase II |
| (two) Reappearance of nuclear envelope and the formation of four (4) haploid daughter cells | Telophase II |
| The cytoplasm of the cell split into two, making four new cells (23n) | Cytokinesis II |
| occurs when a haploid cell (n) is formed from a diploid cell (2n) through meiosis. There are two types of this. | Gametogenesis |
| Is the formation and development of the sperm, happens throughout adolescence and adulthood. All four products of meiosis surive. | Spermatogenesis |
| It is a prolonged process for the development of oocyte inside the ovary of a female embryo, Only one product will develop into one mature gamete or ovum | Oogenesis |
| In spermatogenesis, this is the cellthat experiences Miotic division (Stem cell) | Spermatogonium |
| In spermatogenesis, this is the cell that experiences Meiosis 1 | Primary Spermatocyte |
| In spermatogenesis, this is the cell that experiences Meiosis 2 | Secondary Spermatocyte |
| In spermatogenesis, this the cell after the division of the secondary spermatocyte. | Spermatid |
| The final product (4) of Spermatogenesis | Sperm cells |
| Where does spermatogenesis occur in the testes | Semineferous Tubules |
| In Oogenesis, this is the cell that develops before birth during the third trimester. This is also the only part that experiences Mitosis. | Oogonium |
| In Oogenesis, these stay dormant until puberty commences. This experiences Meiosis 1. | Primary Oocyte |
| In Oogenesis, This initiates meiosis 2, but can also be paused at metaphase 2 until fertilization. This also splits into the first polar body. | Secondary Oocyte |
| In Oogenesis, This is the cell that can be fertilized. It also comes with the second polar body. | Ovum or egg cell |
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