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Ultimate BIO stack 3
Cell types
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| No membrane-bound nucleus. DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm. Simpler structure. Found in bacteria and archaea. | Prokaryotic Cell |
| Contains a true, membrane-bound nucleus. More complex structure with organelles. Found in plants, animals, fungi, and humans. | Eukaryotic |
| Body cell found throughout the entire body (e.g., neurons, epithelial cells, liver cells). Reproduces by mitosis, producing identical daughter cells. | Somatic Cell |
| Sex cells (gametes) found in the gonads — ovary (ovum) and testis (sperm). Reproduce by meiosis, producing haploid cells with half the genetic material. | Germinal |
| Egg cell found in the female ovary. Contains haploid genetic material (23 chromosomes). Largest human cell, visible to the naked eye. | Ovum |
| Found in male testis. Composed of head with compact DNA, midpiece, and tail. Approximately 100 million sperm per semen sample. | Sperm |
| Functional unit of the nervous system; found in brain and spinal cord. | Neurons |
| Adhesive cells fused together; function in absorption, secretion, and ion transport. Vary in size and location throughout the body. | Epithelial Cells |
| Scale-like structures full of keratin protein; act as a barrier to water. Composed of dead cells; found in skin and hair. | Keratinocytes |
| Epithelial cells lying within keratinocytes; pass melanin pigment to surrounding cells; responsible for skin color and UV protection. "Melanin" | Melanocytes |
| Elongated ___ cells that aid in contraction. Contain myofibrils with actin and myosin filaments. Found in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth ____tissue. | Muscle Fiber Cell |
| Connective tissue cells committed to producing cartilage, bone, and smooth muscle. Secrete collagen and extracellular matrix components essential for tissue structure. | Fibroblast |
| Liver cells responsible for metabolism, detoxification, protein synthesis, and bile production. Polygonal in shape and make up 70–85% of the liver's mass. | Hepatocytes |
| primary function is oxygen transport throughout the body. | Erythrocytes (RBC) Red Blood Cells |
| Soldiers fighting infection; types include basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. | Leukocytes (WBC) White Blood Cells |
| Parent cell of platelets; found in bone marrow; large cells that fragment to produce circulating platelets. | Megakaryocytes |
| Small cell fragments containing fibrinogen protein; essential for blood clotting and wound healing. | Platelets |
| the scientific study of cells, their structure, function, and chemistry. | Cytology |
| the scientific study of tissues, examining their microscopic structure and organization. | Histology |
| The internal layer. Gives rise to lung cells, thyroid cells, and digestive tract cells. Lines internal organs and glands. | Endoderm |
| The middle layer. Forms cardiac and skeletal muscles, red blood cells, smooth muscle of the gut, and connective tissues. | Mesoderm |
| The external layer. Produces skin cells, pigment cells (melanocytes), and neurons of the brain and nervous system. | Ectoderm |
| Flat, scale-like cells forming a thin sheet. Allows diffusion and filtration. Found in lung alveoli, blood vessel linings, and body cavities. | Simple Squamous Epithelium |
| Box-shaped cells with round central nuclei. Functions in secretion and absorption. Found in kidney tubules and small glands. | Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
| Tall, cylindrical cells with elongated nuclei near the base. Functions in absorption and secretion. Found in the stomach and intestinal lining. | Simple Columnar Epithelium |
| Single layer of cells; each cell contracts the basement membrance | Simple Epithelium |
| a type of body tissue made of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying body parts from wear, tear, and damage | Stratified Epithelium |
| Multiple layers of flat, scale-like cells. Provides protection against abrasion and mechanical stress. Found in skin, mouth, esophagus. | Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
| Overlapping layers that can stretch and contract. Lines the ureters and urinary bladder. Adapts to volume changes. | Transition Epithelium |
| Multiple layers of cube- shaped cells. Rare tissue type found in sweat glands and salivary glands. Provides structural support. | Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium |
| Multiple layers of elongated cells. Found in conjunctiva of the eye and salivary glands. Involved in secretion and protection. | Stratified Columnar Epithelium |
| is classified as fibrous, elastic, reticular, or collagenous. Its key functions include support, protection, transport, insulation, and repair of body structures. | Connective tissue |
| Dense irregular arrangement of collagen fibers; found in tendons and ligaments; provides tensile strength and structural support. | Collagenous Connective Tissue |
| Forms a delicate network of reticular fibers; supports blood and lymph organs such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. | Reticular Connective Tissue |
| Rich in elastic fibers allowing stretch and recoil; found in the trachea, bronchi, and blood vessel walls. | Elastic Connective Tissue |
| Includes blood, cartilage, and bone; each adapted for unique functions such as transport, structural support, and protection. | Specialized Connective Tissue |
| Classification of muscle tissue based on structure, control, and function | Muscular Tissue Types |
| Involuntary muscles found in visceral organs. Not under conscious control; regulated by the autonomic nervous system. | Smooth Muscles |
| Voluntary muscles attached to the skeleton. Responsible for body movement and posture; controlled consciously through the somatic nervous system. | Skeletal Muscles |
| Involuntary, striated muscle found exclusively in the heart and major vessels. Contracts rhythmically and continuously without fatigue. | Cardiac Muscles |
| Functional unit of the nervous system. Receives stimuli and relays signals via synapses. | Neuron |
| Found in growing areas such as root tips and leaf buds; responsible for plant growth through active cell division. | Meristematic Tissue |
| Single outer layer that separates the plant from its environment; functions in absorption and protection. | Epidermal Tissue |
| Responsible for systemic transport throughout the plant; includes phloem (sugar) and xylem (water). | Vascular Tissue |
| Provides support and rigidity | Ground Tissue |
| ___ are specialized epidermal cells that extend outward from plant roots. | Root hairs |
| are epidermal outgrowths on leaf surfaces. | Leaf hairs |
| vascular tissue that transports sugars and organic nutrients produced by photosynthesis from leaves to the rest of the plant. | Phloem |
| vascular tissue composed of water-conducting cells (tracheids and vessel elements) that transport water and minerals from roots upward through the plant. | Xylem: |
| Major plant cells; thin primary cell wall; remains metabolically alive at maturity; involved in photosynthesis, storage, and secretion. | Parenchyma |
| Hard, thick secondary cell walls; provides structural support to plant roots and stems; cells are dead at maturity; rich in lignin. | Sclerenchyma |
| Flexible primary cell wall; provides mechanical support in growing regions; remains alive at maturity; grows and stretches with the plant. | Collenchyma |
| Long, whip-like extensions projecting from the cell surface. Made of tubulin proteins arranged in a 9+2 microtubule structure. Enable cell locomotion by rotating or undulating. Found in bacteria, sperm cells, and some protists. | Flagella |
| Shorter and more numerous than flagella. Flexible membrane extensions that beat in coordinated waves. | Cilia |
| Hair-like protein appendages found on bacterial cell surfaces. Help bacteria adhere to host tissue surfaces. | Pili |
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