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Biology vocab ch. 2
Mrs. Buchanan biology vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of matter and the changes that it experiences is called_______ | chemistry |
| anything that takes up space and has mass | matter |
| the basic building blocks of matter; the smallest possible particle of an element; have the same number of protons | atoms |
| found in the nucleus; positive charge | protons |
| found in the nucleus; neutral charge | neutrons |
| orbiting the nucleus and seem to occupy different levels in an "electron cloud"; negative charge | electrons |
| electrons in the outermost level/shell; involved in bonding | valance electrons |
| if the numbers of electrons and protons in an atom are different, then the atom has an electrical charge, making it an _____ | ion |
| extra electrons in an atom produce a negative ion, or ____ | anion |
| when there are fewer electrons than protons, the result is a ______ which has a net positive charge | cation |
| pure substances made of only one kind of atom (all have the same number protons) | element |
| the ability to do work | energy |
| the energy an object has because of its motion (kinetic energy) and/or position (potential energy/stored energy) | mechanical energy |
| energy carried by sound waves | acoustic energy |
| energy carried by light waves | light energy |
| energy associated with the movement of particles; it is related to the temperature of a substance | thermal energy |
| the measure of the average speed at which these particles move | temperature |
| the energy that is stored in the chemical substances and chemical bond that make up food | chemical energy |
| living things depend on energy's tendency to disperse | entropy |
| changes that don't change a substance's identity (a change of form or state) | physical change |
| a change that causes a substance to alter its chemical identity | chemical changes |
| an electrostatic attraction that forms between two atoms when they share or transfer electrons is called a _____ | bond |
| a pure substance made of two or more chemically combined elements | compound |
| oppositely charged ions that attract; formed between a metal and a nonmetal; when atoms in the process of bonding give away or receive valence electrons | ionic compound |
| where two atoms in the process of bonding share their valence electrons instead of donating/giving them (always between two-nonmetals) | covalent compound |
| a particle consisting of two or more atoms covalently bonded together | molecule |
| the process by which one substance is broken up into smaller pieces, usually ions, by another substance | dissolving |
| the amount of solute packed into a solvent is called the _______ of a solution | concentration |
| a substance that dissolves in water to form hydrogen ions(H+) | acid |
| a substance that dissolves in water to form hydroxide ions (OH-) or other ions like chloride (Cl-) or fluoride (F-) that can accept hydrogen ions | base |
| a substance that is present before a chemical reaction and takes part in it. It's usually shown on the left-hand side of a chemical equation | reactants |
| chemical reactions that release energy; the products have less energy than the reactants (ex: light energy, thermal energy) | exothermic reaction |
| a chemical reaction that absorbs energy; the products have more energy than the reactants | endothermic reaction |
| a naturally occurring catalyst, usually a protein; made by living things that help chemical reactions happen more easily (ends in ASE) | enzymes |
| a substance used to reduce an enzyme's activity (not all chemical processes are good) | inhibitor |
| the attraction of water molecules to each other | cohension |
| water's polarity also allows it to attract other substances besides water | adhesion |
| organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Refers to sugars, starches, and cellulose | carbohydrates |
| one of a class of simple organic compounds important in living things as a source of both energy and structure (simple carbohydrates) | sugars |
| carbohydrates can form long chains or ____ of six-carbon sugars that coil into a spring shape | polymers |
| a class of nonpolar organic compounds that are insoluble in water and are used for energy storage and cell membranes in living things (fats) | lipids |
| have only single bonds; fats whose carbon atom have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and do not contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds | saturated fats |
| one of a class of organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins; molecules that contain a central carbon attached to our groups | amino acids |
| a member of a class of organic compounds that serve as the building blocks for the information storage molecules DNA and RNA | nucleotides |
| what is the difference between medicine and poison? | although medicine and poison often come from the same organism, there are many things that influence how a chemical can impact humans when used |
| what is an example of chemistry? | studying how atoms bond to form compounds or how a substance changes during a chemical reaction |
| what is an example of an atom? | an oxygen atom |
| what is an example of mass? | anything that takes up space (pencil, desk, water bottle, you.) |
| what is an example of protons? | a neutral oxygen atom having 8 protons |
| what is an example of neutrons? | a neutral oxygen atom having 8 neutrons |
| what is an example of electrons? | |
| what is an example of valence electrons? | sodium's valence electron is transferred to chlorine when sodium chloride forms |
| what is an example of an ion? | sodium becomes an ion after losing an electron |
| what is an example of an anion? | chlorine becomes a negatively charged |
| what is an example of a cation? | sodium becomes a positively charged ion after losing an electron |
| what is an example of an element? | copper, gold, hydrogen, helium, lithium, anyhting on the periodic table |
| what is an example of energy? | living things need energy to build and maintain their structures and carry out life processes |
| what is an example of mechanical energy? | a yo-yo moving up and down/a roller coaster has stored energy |
| what is an example of acoustic energy? | whales making sound, thunder, clapping |
| what is an example of light energy? | sunlight, glowworms |
| what is an example of thermal energy? | campfire, rubbing your hands together |
| what is an example of temperature? | relative hotness/coldness of an object |
| what is an example of chemical energy? | plants store energy in chemicals and animals obtain chemical energy in their food |
| what is an example of entropy? | energy from the sun spreads through organisms and the environment |
| what are some examples of physical changes? | water evaporating or ice melting; carving wood; adding food coloring to cake batter |
| what is an example of a chemical change? | iron rusting/food being cooked |
| what is an example of law of conservation of mass and energy? | energy can change from sunlight to chemical energy in plants rather than disappearing |
| what is an example of ionic compounds? | sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) transferring electrons |
| what is an example of covalent compounds? | a molecule of water forms when two hydrogen atoms share electrons with an oxygen atom |
| what is an example of a molecule? | water |
| what is an example of a solvent? | water having the ability to bond |
| what is an example of a solute? | salt in a solution |
| how do chemical processes keep life going? | chemical reactions power living things by providing them with nutrients, minerals, energy, and more (ex. photosynthesis- talk to your plants) |
| ex: water (______) tear apart the salt crystal (______) until it is completely dissolved in the solution | solvent; solute |
| what is an example of acid? | acid rain |
| what is an example of cohesion? | water droplets forming together on a leaf |
| what is an example of adhesion? | water droplets sitting on a leaf or the grass |
| what is an example of unsaturated fats? | olive oil |
| what is an example of saturated fats? | butter |
| macromolecules | carbohydrates (+ sugars), nucleotides, fats (lipids), proteins |
| all sugars/carbohydrates end in? | OSE |
| why can you survive longer without food than without water? | water is essential for living things. in addition to forming a large portion of our body mass, it also keeps our cells hydrated and functional |
| what are the elements of carbohydrates? | carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| what is the function of carbohydrates? | provides energy |
| what are examples of carbohydrates? | glucose, fructose, sucrose |
| what are food sources of carbohydrates? | breads, fruits, starch, sugar, vegetables |
| what is an example of sugar? | glucose, sucrose (table sugar) |
| what are the elements of lipids? | carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| what are the functions of lipids? | to store energy |
| what are examples of lipids? | fats, oils |
| what are food sources of lipids? | butter, nuts, oil |
| what are the elements of proteins? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| what are the functions of proteins? | build muscles, hair, blood, nails and skin |
| what are examples of proteins? | enzymes Hemoglobin |
| what are food sources of proteins? | beans, eggs, meat, poultry, seafood |
| what are examples of amino acids? | tryptophan (our body must get it from foods because we cannot provide it on our own) |
| what are the elements of nucleotides? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
| what are the functions of nucleotides? | contains genetic information |
| what are examples of nucleotides? | DNA and RNA |
| what would two forms of energy be for coffee? | thermal and chemical |
| what would two forms of energy be for a piano? | acoustic, mechanical(kinetic) |
| what would two forms of energy be for a roller coaster? | mechanical (kinetic and potential), acoustic |
| what would forms of energy be for photosynthesis? | light, thermal, chemical |
| law of conservation and mass | matter and energy can change form but are not created nor destroyed |
| solvent | the part/substance in which another substance dissolves |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| Brownian Motion | the tendency that particles have to move around and spread out |
| products | a substance produced by a chemical reaction |
| chemical equation | a representation of a chemical reaction, the reactants and products |
| catalyst | an alternate route for a chemical reaction with a lower activation energy |
| active site | the specific part of an enzyme where the substrate binds |
| substrate | the molecule that fits into an enzyme's active site and undergoes a chemical reaction |
| polar molecule | a molecule with regions of partial positive and negative charge |
| hydrogen bonding | an attraction between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another |
| organic compound | a covalently bonded compound containing the element carbon |
| unsaturated fats | fats with fewer hydrogen atoms because their carbon chains contain |
Created by:
Emmalyn Cruse
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