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Micro_Ch 03
Cell Structure
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the fundamental living unit of any living organism? | A cell |
| What term refers to the complete collection of chemical reactions that occur within a cell? | Metabolism |
| Which structural system found in advanced cellular organisms is completely missing in bacterial cells? | A complex system of internal membranes and organelles. |
| What are the three categories of acellular microbes? | Viroids, prions, and viruses |
| What are the three primary categories of prokaryotic organisms? | Archaea, bacteria, and cyanobacteria |
| What are the three primary categories of eukaryotic microorganisms? | Algae, protozoa, and fungi |
| Which eukaryotic group is always unicellular? | Protozoa |
| Which eukaryotic groups can be either unicellular or multicellular? | Fungi and algae |
| Which eukaryotic group is always multicellular? | Helminths (though they possess unicellular egg or larval forms). |
| Which eukaryotic microorganisms contain cell walls, and what are their primary constituents? | Fungi contain chitin; algae and plants contain cellulose |
| Which eukaryotic groups completely lack a cell wall? | Animals, protozoa, and Mycoplasma species |
| What is the primary function of the cell membrane according to the fluid mosaic model? | It regulates the passage of nutrients, waste products, and secretions via selective permeability. |
| What components make up the eukaryotic nucleus "command center"? | The nucleoplasm, chromosomes (composed of linear DNA and proteins), and the nuclear membrane. |
| What is the complete collection of an organism's genes called? | Its genotype or genome |
| While most genes code for proteins, what two specific types of RNA do other genes code for? | Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) specifically arranged to do? | What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) specifically arranged to do? |
| What is the total Svedberg value and subunit composition of a eukaryotic ribosome? | An 80S value, comprised of 40S and 60S subunits. |
| What is the primary function of the Golgi complex? | It completes the transformation of newly synthesized proteins and packages them for storage or export. |
| What basic digestive substances originate in the Golgi complex? | What basic digestive substances originate in the Golgi complex? |
| Why are mitochondria considered the power plants of the eukaryotic cell? | They form ATP molecules through cellular respiration |
| Which membrane-bound structures contain photosynthetic pigments and serve as sites of photosynthesis? | Plastids (such as chloroplasts, found in photosynthetic cells only). |
| What three types of fibers form the eukaryotic cytoskeleton structural network? | Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. |
| What are the twin eukaryotic organelles of locomotion, and how do they differ? | Flagella (long, thin, and few in number) and cilia (shorter, thinner, hair-like, and more numerous). |
| How do prokaryotic cells generally compare to eukaryotic cells in size and replication? | They are 10 times smaller, structurally simple, and reproduce by binary fission. |
| What basic structural feature distinguishes prokaryotic cytoplasm from eukaryotic cytoplasm? | It is not filled with internal membranes |
| Where do metabolic reactions take place in a prokaryotic cell? | On enzymes attached to the cell membrane |
| What does the standard prokaryotic chromosome look like? | A single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule. |
| What are plasmids? | Small, extrachromosomal circular molecules of DNA that exist independently of the primary chromosome. |
| What is the total Svedberg value and subunit composition of a prokaryotic ribosome? | A 70S value, consisting of 30S and 50S subunits. |
| What is the primary purpose of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies? | To enable the cell to store nutrients to survive nutrient-depleted environments (e.g., glycogen, gas vesicles, granules, magnetosomes). |
| What unique constituent defines the rigid bacterial cell wall? | Peptidoglycan (murein), which is found exclusively in bacteria. |
| How do Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls structurally compare? | Gram-positive walls have a thick peptidoglycan layer complexed with teichoic acids; Gram-negative walls have a thin peptidoglycan layer covered by a phospholipid-protein-lipopolysaccharide outer membrane. |
| What are the chemical nature and structural locations of endotoxins and exotoxins? | Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that form part of the Gram-negative outer membrane; exotoxins are extracellular, diffusible proteins. |
| Which common bacterial genera are associated with endotoxins? | Escherichia, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Bordetella, and Vibrio |
| Which bacterial genera or diseases are explicitly associated with classic exotoxins? | Clostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, anthrax, hyaluronidase, and streptokinase |
| What type of bacterial cell wall contains mycolic acid and is classically seen in Mycobacterium tuberculosis? | An acid-fast cell wall |
| What is a glycocalyx, and what are its two forms? | A slimy, gelatinous material secreted outside the cell wall; it can be a loose slime layer or a highly structured capsule. |
| Which bacterial species is noted for generating a slime layer? | Pseudomonas spp. |
| Which three pathogens are explicitly noted for producing a capsule? | Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| What three components make up the structure of a bacterial flagellum? | The basal body, hook, and filament. |
| What are the four structural arrangements of bacterial flagella? | Monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, and peritrichous |
| What are pili (fimbriae) composed of, and what is their function? | Polymerized pilin protein; they form rigid, hair-like structures that allow bacteria to anchor themselves to surfaces or perform conjugation via a sex pilus. |
| Which two bacterial genera are capable of forming thick-walled survival endospores? | Bacillus and Clostridium |
| What is the process of bacterial endospore formation called, and what is its biological purpose? | Sporulation; it is strictly a means of survival against heat, cold, drying, and chemicals, not a means of reproduction. |
| By what exact process do prokaryotic cells reproduce? | Binary fission, where one cell duplicates its chromosome and splits in half to become two daughter cells. |
| What is generation time? | The time it takes for binary fission to occur, which varies by species and growth conditions (e.g., approximately 20 minutes for E. coli). |
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