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Micro_Ch 01
Introduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microbiology | is the study of very small living organisms (microorganisms). |
| Ubiquitous | Present or existing everywhere at the same time (describing microbes). |
| Main Categories of Microorganisms | Viruses, Bacteria, Archaeans, Protozoa, Algae, and Fungi. |
| Acellular Microbes | Viruses (excluded from the 5-kingdom system because they are not made of cells). |
| Procaryotic Cells | Simple cells that completely lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. |
| Eucaryotic Cells | Complex cells that contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria. |
| Saprophytes (Decomposers) | Microorganisms that break down dead organisms and organic waste to recycle nutrients. |
| Photosynthetic Microbes | Microorganisms (like algae and cyanobacteria) that account for more than 50% of the Earth's oxygen. |
| Bioremediation | The use of genetically modified or natural microbes to clean up environmental pollutants like oil spills and radioactive waste. |
| E. coli in Security | Genetically modified strains used to safely detect buried landmines and TNT by glowing under specific conditions. |
| Infectious Disease | A disease category where a pathogen successfully colonizes a host body and causes illness. |
| Microbial Intoxication | A disease category resulting from a host ingesting a pre-formed toxin produced by a pathogen in vitro. |
| Global Infectious Mortality Rate | Responsible for roughly 15 million (>25%) out of 57 million annual deaths worldwide. |
| Pneumonia | The leading single cause of infectious death in children under the age of 5 (accounting for 17% of total deaths). |
| Earliest Pestilence Record | Documented historic infectious outbreak occurring in Egypt around 3180 BC. |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | Known as the "Father of Microbiology"; an untrained scientist who built simple single-lens microscopes to observe live bacteria and protozoa ("animalcules"). |
| Louis Pasteur | French chemist who disproved spontaneous generation, developed pasteurization, discovered anaerobic life, and created rabies and anthrax vaccines. |
| Joseph Lister | Physician who introduced aseptic surgery using 5% carbolic acid (phenol) solutions to sterilize instruments and lower patient infection rates. |
| Robert Koch | German physician who proved the germ theory of disease, discovered bacterial spores, and developed methods for fixing, staining, and culturing bacteria. |
| Koch’s Postulates | A specific 4-step experimental protocol used to scientifically prove that a distinct microorganism causes a particular infectious disease. |
| Taxonomy | The formal science encompassing the classification, nomenclature, and clinical identification of living organisms. |
| Traditional 5-Kingdom System | Whittaker's classification system consisting of Monerans, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. |
| The 3-Domain System | Woese's modern classification system based on rRNA sequences consisting of Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. |
| Taxonomic Hierarchy Mnemonic | "King David Came Over for Good Spaghetti" representing Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. |
| Binomial Nomenclature Rules | System where the Genus is always capitalized, the species is always lowercase, and both terms are italicized or underlined. |
| "sp." abbreviation | Botanical or zoological abbreviation used to designate a single, unnamed species. |
| "spp." abbreviation | Abbreviation used to represent more than one species within a specified genus. |
| Nursing Infection Statistic | One in ten patients leaves the hospital with a hospital-associated infection. |
| MRSA Mortality (2005) | 18,000 deaths were attributed to MRSA in 2005. |
| Microbiology Requirements for Nurses | Understand infection spread, how microbes grow/transmit, correct specimen collection, lab result interpretation, symptom recognition, and immunization importance. |
| Clinical Infection Control Practices | Understanding the principles of sterilization/disinfection, when to use gloves/aprons, and replacing IV cannulas regularly. |
| Family Education Role for Nurses | Teaching families how to minimize a patient's risk of infection and explaining its medical consequences. |
| Scientific Method Definition | The development of an experimental system that answers questions objectively. |
| Scientific Method Sequence | Hypothesis --> Experimentation --> Results --> Conclusion or theory. |
| Koch's Postulate 1 | A particular microorganism must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans. |
| Koch's Postulate 2 | The microorganism must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in pure culture in the laboratory. |
| Koch's Postulate 3 | The same disease must be produced when microorganisms from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible lab animals. |
| Koch's Postulate 4 | The same microorganism must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown again in pure culture. |
| Koch's Postulates Limitation | They cannot be fulfilled in all circumstances. |
| Bacteriology | The career field within microbiology dedicated to the study of bacteria. |
| Phycology | The career field within microbiology dedicated to the study of algae. |
| Protozoology | The career field within microbiology dedicated to the study of protozoa. |
| Mycology | The career field within microbiology dedicated to the study of fungi. |
| Parasitology | The career field within microbiology dedicated to the study of parasites. |
| Virology | The career field within microbiology dedicated to the study of viruses. |
| Medical Microbiology Focus | Involves the study of pathogens, the disease they cause, and the body’s defenses against disease. |
| Public Health Microbiology Agencies | Organizations like the CDC and WHO concerned with epidemiology and disease-prevention measures. |
| Bergey's Manual Division I Bacteria (Gracilicutes) | Gram-Negative Bacteria. |
| Bergey's Manual Division II Bacteria (Firmicutes) | Gram-Positive Bacteria. |
| Bergey's Manual Division III Bacteria (Tenericutes) | Bacteria lacking a cell wall (the mycoplasmas). |
| Bergey's Manual Division IV Bacteria (Mendosicutes) | Procaryotes with atypical compounds in the cell wall and membranes (archaebacteria). |
| Scotobacteria | Class I under Gracilicutes; Gram-negative non-photosynthetic bacteria. |
| Anoxyphotobacteria | Class II under Gracilicutes; Gram-negative photosynthetic bacteria that do not produce oxygen. |
| Oxyphotobacteria | Class III under Gracilicutes; Gram-negative photosynthetic bacteria that evolve oxygen (cyanobacteria). |
| Firmibacteria | Class I under Firmicutes; Gram-positive rods or cocci. |
| Thallobacteria | Class II under Firmicutes; Gram-positive branching cells (the actinomycetes). |
| Mollicutes | Class I under Tenericutes; Mycoplasmas lacking a cell wall. |
| Archaebacteria Class | Class I under Mendosicutes; Procaryotes with atypical compounds. |
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