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Exam 1
Microbioloy Chp 1, 2, 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q: What is the human microbiome? | A: Microorganisms living in/on the body. |
| Q: Can a microbe colonize any body site? | A: No; body sites have different conditions. |
| Q: Where are the most microbes found in/on the human body? | A: Mostly in the large intestine. Ex: mouth, skin, gut |
| Q: What is a pathogen? | A: A microorganism that causes disease. |
| Q: What are the different types of microorganisms? | A: Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Viruses. |
| Q: How are microorganism names written? | A: Genus capitalized; species lowercase and italicized. Ex: Escherichia coli |
| Q: Why are microorganisms classified? ""oranization & id" | A: To organize and identify them. |
| Q: What are domain, genus, and species? | A: Domain = broad; genus = related group; species = specific group |
| Q: What are the three domains? | A: Bacteria = Bacteria , Archaea= Archaea, Eukarya= oranism with eukaroytic cells . Ex: Protist, Fungi, Plants, & Animals |
| Q: What did Robert Hooke observe? " cell in cork'' | A: He observed cells in cork using a microscope. |
| Q: What is cell theory? | A: Living things are made of cells; cells come from existing cells |
| Q: What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek observe? "microscopic organisms" | A: He observed microscopic organisms. called ''animalcules'' |
| Q: Why were Hooke and Leeuwenhoek important? | A: They helped establish microbiology cells and microoganism |
| Q: What is spontaneous generation? "nonliving matter" | A: Life from nonliving matter. |
| : What did Redi’s maggot experiment show? "files" | A: He showed it by disproving spontaneous generation for maggots, showing that maggots came from files |
| Q: How did Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation? "swan-flask" | A: His swan-neck flask experiment supported biogenesis. |
| Q: What was Pasteur’s experimental setup? " boiled broth" | A: He boiled broth stayed sterile when microbes were kept out. |
| Q: What did Pasteur’s experiment prove? "preexisting life" | A: Biogenesis—life comes from preexisting life. |
| Q: Spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis? | A: Spontaneous generation = nonliving matter; biogenesis = preexisting life. |
| Q: What is aseptic technique? | A: Preventing microbial contamination. |
| Q: What is the Germ Theory of Disease? | A: Microorganisms can cause disease. |
| Q: How is yeast fermentation related to germ theory? | A: Yeast microorganisms cause fermentation. |
| Q: How did Joseph Lister advance medicine? | A: He used antiseptics to reduce infections. |
| Q: What is an antiseptic? "reduce microbes" | A: A chemical used on living tissue to reduce microbes. |
| Q: What is an antibiotic? "kills bacteria" | A: A drug that kills or inhibits bacteria. |
| Q: Where did antibiotics originate? "mold" | A: Many come from fungi and bacteria. Ex: Mold |
| Q: What is antibiotic resistance? | A: Bacteria survive antibiotics that once worked. |
| Q: What is "recombinant DNA" technology? | A: "Combining DNA" from different sources. |
| Q: What is a plasmid? | A: Small circular bacterial DNA. |
| Q:" Why" is recombinant DNA important? | A: It can produce "useful "products like human insulin. |
| Q: How is recombinant DNA used with insulin? | A: Bacteria can produce human insulin |
| Q: What are benefits of microbes? | A: Food, medicine, digestion, nutrient cycling, biotechnology. |
| Q: What is a biofilm? | A: Bioflim are microbes attached to a surface in a protective surrounding layer. |
| What role does bioflim in human health? | A: Biofilm's role for humans can make infections harder to treat. |
| Q: What is a hydrogen bond? | A: A weak attraction important to water’s properties. |
| Q: What is a polar compound? ""uneven" | A: A molecule with uneven charge distribution |
| Q: What is a nonpolar compound? "even" | A: A molecule with more even charge distribution |
| Q: Why is water polarity a good solvent? "polarity" | A: Its polarity dissolves many substances. |
| Q: How do polar and nonpolar substances relate to solubility? | A: Like dissolves like. polar dissolves polar, nonpolar dissolves nonpolar |
| Q: What is ionization of water? H+ & OH- | A: Water forms H⁺ and OH⁻ ions. |
| Q: What is the pH scale? | A: Measures acidity/basicity from about 0–14. |
| Q: How do H⁺ and OH⁻ affect pH? | A: more H⁺ = acidic; more OH⁻ = basic. |
| Q: Why must pH stay constant for biochemical reactions? | A: Enzymes work best at specific pH levels. |
| Q: How is pH maintained in the body and lab cultures? | A: Buffers resist pH changes. |
| Q: Why is pH important to microorganisms? | A: Each microbe has a preferred pH range. |
| Q: How does moisture affect microbial growth? | A: Microbes generally need available water. |
| Q: How does "honey’s moisture" affect microbes? | A: Low available water limits growth. |
| Q: Why should babies under 1 year old not have honey? " C. botulinum spores & infant botulism" | A: Honey may contain Clostridium botulinum spores, can cause infant botulism |
| Q: What are organic compounds? "molecules used by cells." | A: Major biological molecules used by cells. |
| Q: What are the four major organic compounds? "C", "L" , "N A", "P" | A: Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins. |
| Q: What are the monomers of organic compounds? | A: Sugars, fatty acids , nucleotides, amino acids. |
| Q: What are carbohydrates? | A: Sugars used mainly for energy and structure. Ex: Glucose, Plasma DNA |
| Q: What is a monosaccharide? | A: A single sugar, such as glucose. |
| Q: What are polysaccharides? | A: Multiple long chains of sugars. |
| Q: What are chitin and cellulose? | A: Structural polysaccharides. |
| Q: What are lipids? "used for energy" | A: Nonpolar molecules used for energy and membranes. |
| Q: What are fatty acids? | A: Components of many lipids. |
| Q: What are phospholipids? "Major component cell membrane" | A: Major components of cell membranes |
| Q: What do polar heads and nonpolar tails do? "phospholipid bilayers" | A: Form the phospholipid bilayer. |
| Q: What are nucleic acids? | A: DNA and RNA. |
| Q: What is the difference between DNA and RNA? | A: DNA has double-stranded called double helix; RNA has single-stranded single helix. |
| Q: What is a nucleotide? unit DNA & RNA | A: Basic units of DNA and RNA. |
| Q: What are DNA base pairs? | A: A–T and C–G. |
| Q: What are RNA base pairs? | A: A–U and C–G. |
| Q: What are proteins made of? | A: Amino acids |
| Q: What are proteins used for? | A: Enzymes, structure, transport, defense, and more. |
| Q: What are the four levels of protein structure? | A: Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary. |
| Q: What is protein denaturation? | A: The loss of protein shape and function |
| Q: What can "cause" protein denaturation? | A: Heat, extreme pH, and chemicals. |
| Q: Why is protein denaturation a problem? | A: The protein may stop functioning. |
| Q: What is the connection between DNA, RNA, and protein? | A: DNA → RNA → protein. |
| Q: What are the main prokaryotic cell shapes? | A: Coccus= round, bacillus=rod, and spirllum= spiral. |
| Q: What is the glycocalyx? "rich outer layer" | A: A carbohydrate-rich outer layer. |
| Q: What is the difference between a slime layer and capsule? | A: Slime layer = loose; capsule = tight. |
| Q: How does a capsule increase virulence? | A: Helps bacteria avoid immune defenses. |
| Q: What are flagella? " for movement" | A: Structures used for movement. |
| Q: What are fimbriae? " mainly for attachment" | A: Structures mainly used for attachment. |
| Q: What are pili? " attachment & DNA transfer" | A: Structures for attachment and sometimes DNA transfer. |
| Q: What is an endospore? " high resistant bacteria survival" | A: A high resistant bacterial survival structure. |
| Q: What is the bacterial cell wall? " shape & bursting" | A: Maintains shape and prevents bursting |
| Q: What is Gram staining? (+) & (-) | A: Separates bacteria into Gram-positive or Gram-negative |
| Q: What is the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells? | A: Gram+ = thick peptidoglycan; Gram− = thin peptidoglycan + outer membrane. |
| Q: Why is Gram staining clinically important? "treatment" | A: Helps identify bacteria and guide treatment. |
| Q: What is peptidoglycan? Major | A: Major structural material of bacterial cell walls. |
| Q: What is teichoic acid? (+) cell-wall | A: Gram (+) cell-wall support molecule. |
| Q: What is a porin? (-) outer membrane | A: Channel in the Gram (-) outer membrane. |
| Q: What is lipopolysaccharide (LPS)? (-) outer membrane component | A: Gram (-) outer-membrane component. serves as a barrier against antibiotics & environmental stress Composed of: Lipid A- endotoxin - fever, inflammation, septic shock O polysaccharide-used to serologically identify variants |
| Q: What structures can antibiotics target? | A: Cell walls, ribosomes, DNA/RNA, metabolism. |
| Q: What does penicillin target? " synthesis" | A: Peptidoglycan cell-wall synthesis. |
| Q: How can bacteria resist antibiotics? | A: Change targets, destroy drugs, block entry, or pump drugs out |
| Q: What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and which microbes are eukaryotic? | A: Prokaryotes no nucleus no organelles ; eukaryotes have nucleus , have a organelle. Ex: Fungi, Potozoa, and Algae are eukaryotic. |
| Q: Which microorganisms have a eukaroyotic cells? | A: Fungi, Protozoa, & Algae |
| Q: Carboohydrates monomer (M) basic building blocks : | Glucose & monosaccharides (M) |
| Q: Lipids monomer basic building blocks : | Not a monomer ,fatty acids |
| Q: Proteins monomer (M) basic buildiing blocks : | Phospolipids , amino acids (M) |
| Q: Nucleic Acids monomer (M) basic buildng blocks : | Polar (head) Noonpoolar (tail) , DNA & RNA (M) |
| Q: Carboohydrates importance : | stores energy |
| Q: Lipids importance : | plasma membrane |
| Q: Protien importance : | break down amino acids of proteins |
| Q: Nucleic Acids importance : | DNA to RNA genetic inf DNA : A T - CG RNA : A U - CG |
| Microbes (Microorganism): | ): minute living things that are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
| The Microbiome in adult human | 30 trillion body cells (bacteria cells) and 40 trillion bacterial cells (red blood cells) |
| Types of Microorganisms: Bacteria | Unicellular= Single celled organisms, Prokaryotes: Greek word meaning pre-nucleus , several shapes |
| Types of Microorganisms: Archaea | Unicellular Prokaryotes |
| Types of Microorganisms: Fungi | Eukaryotes: Greek word meaning “true nucleus” (mushrooms, mold) |
| Types of Microorganisms: Protozoa | Unicellular Eukaryotes , Live as free entities or parasites |
| Types of Microorganisms: Algae | Photosynthetic Eukaryotes, Found in water & soil (algae) |
| Types of Microorganisms: Viruses | Acellular (they are not cells), Considered nonliving, Need a host to replicate |
| Nomenclature | Scientific names are latinized Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism 2 names: 1) the genus (plura:genera): First name and is always capitalized 2) species: follows and is not capitalized After the scientific name has been mentioned once, i |
| Nomenclature pt2 | Scientific names can describe an organism, honor a researcher or identify the habitat of a species Examples: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Staphylo- describes the clustered arrangement of the cells Coccus- indicated that they are shaped like spher |
| What is the correct way to write this bacteria name? (more than 1 correct answer) | A: (A) E. coli (E) Escherichia coli (F) Escherichia coli |
| True or False. All bacteria found in your gut are considered “good” bacteria. | False |
| Classification of Humans : Level order | 1. Domain 2.Kingdom 3.Phylum 4.Class 5.Order 6.Family 7.Genus 8. Species |
| Classification of Humans : 1. Domain scientifiic meaning - | Biggest group. Based on cell types. |
| Classification of Humans : 2.Kingdom scientifiic meaning - | Broad groups of living things |
| Classification of Humans : 3. Phylum scientifiic meaning - | Groups with similar body plans |
| Classification of Humans : 4. Class scientifiic meaning - | Groups with similar characteristics |
| Classification of Humans : 5. Order scientifiic meaning - | Groups with similar behaviors and features |
| Classification of Humans : 6. Family scientifiic meaning - | Close groups with many shared traits |
| Classification of Humans : 7. Genus scientifiic meaning - | Very similar organisms |
| Classification of Humans : 8. Species scientifiic meaning - | Most specific group. One type of organisms |
| Classification of Humans : 1. Domain Example - | Eukarya |
| Classification of Humans : 2.Kingdom Example - | Animalia |
| Classification of Humans : 3. Phylum Example - | Chrodata |
| Classification of Humans : 4. Class Example - | Mammalia |
| Classification of Humans : 5. Order Example - | Primates |
| Classification of Humans : 6. Family Example - | Hominidae |
| Classification of Humans : 7. Genus Example - | Homo |
| Classification of Humans : 8. Species Example - | sapiens |
| Example of modern day antiseptic | hand washing , mouth wash (listerine) |
| True or False. The experiment conducted to test spontaneous generation showed that air was needed for spontaneous generation. | False |
| Recombinant DNA technology | Insulin can be transfered to humans to produce insulin protein |
| Infectious Disease | A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host, such as a human or an animal. |
| Viral disease | Common Cold, Flu, COVID-19, HIV/AIDS. |
| Bactrieal disease | Strep Throat, Tuberculosis, UTIs. |
| Fungal disease | Ringworm, Athlete's Foot, Lung Infections |
| Parasitic disease | Malaria |
| Humans water body composition water percentage | 65-70% |
| Acidic pH level | 1 - 6 more H(+) ions |
| Neutural pH level | 7 Equal H(+)& OH(-) ions |
| Basic pH level | 8 - 14 more OH (-) ions |
| Like molecules | like dissolve like |
| Polar molecules | polar dissolves polar |
| Nonpolar molecules | nonpolar dissolves nonpolar |
| Buffer | Buffers: Compounds that help keep the pH from changing drastically Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system in our blood |
| Honey & Antimicrobial Properties | Low moisture content (14%-20%) |
| Honey (toxins) | -Same toxcins used in botoxic |
| Loss of protein | -Protien loses it denatured 3D shape |
| Prokaryotic Cell Shapes | -No nucleus no organelles |
| Glycocalyx | (sugar coat): substances that surround the cell Ex: Carbohydrates |
| Slime layer (unorganized) | Substance is unorganized & only loosely attached to the cell wall -Attches to the surface -creates bioflim |
| Capsule (organized) | Substance is organized & firmly attached to cell wall Negative staining Virulence: the degree to which a pathogen can cause disease |
| Virulence: | A pathogen can cause disease |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Unencapsulated cells are readily phagocytized & cannot cause pneumonia Pneumonia is caused by capsulated S. pneumoniae Pneumonia: infection that inflames the air sacs(alveoli) in one or both lungs. |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae pt2 | -Has a cell wall -Has a capsule -Macrophages will devour the bacteria -Its more virulence |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae Symptoms | Cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. |
| Why would motility be important for a bacteria? | Attaches to surface |
| Explain the term virulence. If Streptococcus pneumoniae lost its capsule, what would most likely happen? | B. It would be more easily destroyed by immune cells and become less virulent. |
| Question: Why would it be advantageous for a bacteria to form an endospore? | -For survival -Reseliant to radition -Extreme tempreatre |
| Cell Wall | Complex, semirigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell Protects it and the interior of the cell from adverse changes in the outside environment Major function: prevent bacterial cells from rupturing (lysing) when the water pressure inside |
| Cell Wall pt 2 | Plants, fungi and algae have cell walls (differ chemically, are structurally simpler and are less rigid) |
| Gram-Positive Bacteria (Helps) | Helps cell walls |
| Fimbriae | Hairlike appendages Few to several 100 per cell Adhere to other surfaces |
| Pilli | Longer than fimbriae Motility & DNA transfer (sex pili) Attachment Biofilms!! |
| Porins | protein channels that allow for diffusion of Ions Sugars Amino acids Antibiotics |
| Lipopolysaccharide | : serves as a barrier against antibiotics & environmental stress (outer) (-) Composed of: Lipid A- endotoxin - fever, inflammation, septic shock O polysaccharide-used to serologically identify variants |
| Lipopolysaccharide pt2 | -More dangerous than gram (+) Endotoxcin can cause fever because the amount of gram (-) bacteria |
| Gram (+) bacterica ( colorization) Purple | holds the color |
| Gram (-) bacterica ( colorization) Pink/Red | loses the color |
| Eukaroyotic Cell Shapes | -Have nucleus have organelles -Animals & humans have no cell wall |
Created by:
Rodney C
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