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F26 Unit 3 Vocab

Vocabulary terms for Unit 3 Fall 26 Energy

QuestionAnswer
Photosynthesis The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen. It stores light energy as chemical energy in sugar.
Chemosynthesis The process by which some organisms use energy from inorganic chemical reactions to make sugars from carbon dioxide. It allows organisms to produce food without sunlight.
Chloroplast The organelle in plant and algal cells where photosynthesis occurs. It contains structures and pigments that capture light energy and help produce sugar.
Chlorophyll The green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Its absorbed energy helps drive the reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar.
Stomata Small openings, usually on plant leaves, that control gas exchange. They allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen and water vapor to leave during photosynthesis.
Light-dependent Reaction The first stage of photosynthesis, in which chlorophyll absorbs light energy. The energy is used to produce ATP and NADH, while water is split and oxygen is released.
Light-independent Reaction The stage of photosynthesis that uses ATP and NADH to help convert carbon dioxide into sugar. It does not require light directly but depends on products from the light-dependent reactions.
Mitochondria (Mitochondrian) Organelles where most aerobic cellular respiration occurs. They use molecules from food and oxygen to transfer energy into ATP.
Glycolysis The first stage of cellular respiration, in which glucose is split into two smaller molecules called pyruvate. It produces a small amount of ATP and NADH and does not require oxygen.
Pyruvic Acid (pyruvate) A three-carbon product of glycolysis. When oxygen is available, it enters pathways in the mitochondria; without oxygen, it can be used in fermentation.
Aerobic Describes a process that requires oxygen. Aerobic respiration transfers more energy from food into ATP than anaerobic pathways.
Anaerobic Describes a process that occurs without oxygen. Anaerobic pathways provide ATP with less energy yield than aerobic respiration.
Krebs Citric Acid Cycle A series of reactions in the mitochondria that breaks down carbon compounds from pyruvate. It produces carbon dioxide, ATP, and electron carriers that deliver energy to the next stage.
Electron Transport Chain A series of proteins that transfer high-energy electrons from NADH and other carriers. The released energy helps produce a large amount of ATP during aerobic respiration.
ATP A molecule that temporarily stores and transfers usable energy in cells. Cells break ATP down to power activities such as movement, transport, and growth.
ADP A lower-energy molecule that can be changed into ATP when energy is added. During cellular respiration, energy from food helps convert ADP into ATP.
NADH An electron carrier that stores high-energy electrons and hydrogen. It transfers this energy to the electron transport chain to help produce ATP.
Reactants The substances present at the beginning of a chemical reaction. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are reactants; in cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are major reactants.
Products The substances formed by a chemical reaction. Photosynthesis produces sugar and oxygen, while aerobic cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
Enzyme A protein that speeds up a specific chemical reaction by lowering the energy needed to start it. Enzymes help control the many reactions involved in photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Fermentation An anaerobic pathway that allows glycolysis to continue when oxygen is unavailable. It produces a small amount of ATP and changes pyruvate into other products.
Created by: tmsullivanLDHS
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