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Unit 5-Science Bowl
Unit 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Systematics | Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships represented via phylogenetic trees. |
| Binomial Nomenclature | A two-part naming format formulated by Linnaeus consisting of a capitalized Genus and lowercase specific epithet. |
| Hierarchical Classification | Nested ranks from broadest to narrowest: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. |
| Taxon | A named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchical classification. |
| Branch Point | Represents the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor on a phylogenetic tree. |
| Sister Taxa | Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor not shared by any other group. |
| Basal Taxon | A lineage that diverges early in the history of a group, lying near the common ancestor. |
| Homology | Similarity between organisms due to shared common ancestry. |
| Analogy (Homoplasy) | Similarity due to convergent evolution driven by similar environmental pressures rather than shared ancestry. |
| Cladistics | Classifies organisms into clades, each consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants. |
| Monophyletic Group | A clade consisting of an ancestral species and all of its descendants. |
| Paraphyletic Group | Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants |
| Polyphyletic Group | Includes distantly related species that lack their most recent common ancestor. |
| Shared Ancestral Character | A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon. |
| Shared Derived Character | An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade. |
| Outgroup | A species or group closely related to the ingroup but known to have diverged before it. |
| Maximum Parsimony | Investigates the simplest phylogenetic tree explanation requiring the fewest evolutionary events. |
| Maximum Likelihood | Identifies the tree most likely to produce the given DNA data based on established probability models of sequence evolution. |
| Orthologous Genes | Genes resulting from speciation events that diverge only after speciation, useful for inferring species trees |
| Paralogous Genes | Genes resulting from gene duplication within a genome, where multiple copies diverge within a single species. |
| Molecular Clock | Uses constant evolutionary mutation rates in certain genes to estimate the absolute time of divergence. |
| Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) | The transfer of genes between genomes via mechanisms such as plasmids, viral infections, and endosymbiosis. |
| Bacterial Cell Wall | Contains peptidoglycan, a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by short polypeptides. |
| Gram-Positive Bacteria | Possess a thick peptidoglycan cell wall layer and retain crystal violet stain, appearing purple. |
| Gram-Negative Bacteria | Have a thin peptidoglycan layer covered by an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides; stains red/pin |
| Endospores | Extremely durable, dehydrated resting structures produced by certain bacteria to survive harsh conditions. |
| Fimbriae and Pili | Hairlike prokaryotic appendages used for attachment (fimbriae) or pulling cells together for DNA transfer (pili). |
| Transformation | The uptake of foreign DNA from the surrounding environment by a prokaryotic cell. |
| Transduction | Phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another during reproductive cycle aberrations. |
| Conjugation | The direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells temporarily joined by a sex pilus. |
| R Plasmids | Plasmids that carry resistance genes coding for enzymes that destroy or deactivate specific antibiotics. |
| cocci | spherical |
| bacilli | rod-shaped |
| spirochetes | spiral shaped |
| Prokaryotic Flagella | Composed of motor, hook, and filamentthey evolved independently (analogous structures) via exaptation. |
| F Factor (Fertility) | Piece of DNA required for the production of pili; can exist as a plasmid (F plasmid) or integrated into the chromosome (Hfr cell). |
| Photoautotroph | Nutritional mode using light as an energy source and CO2 or related compounds as a carbon source. |
| Chemoautotroph | Nutritional mode using inorganic chemicals as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. |
| Photoheterotroph | Nutritional mode using light as an energy source and organic compounds as a carbon source. |
| Chemoheterotroph | Nutritional mode using organic compounds as both energy and carbon sources. |
| Nitrogen Fixation | The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, essential for amino acid and nucleic acid synthesis. |
| Biofilms | Surface-coating colonies of prokaryotes that secrete signaling molecules to recruit adjacent cells and form protective matrix networks. |
| Extreme Halophiles | Archaea that live in highly saline environments such as the Dead Sea. |
| Extreme Thermophiles | Archaea that thrive in very hot environments like hydrothermal vents. |
| Methanogens | Strict anaerobic archaea that release methane as a waste product of cellular respiration. |
| Exotoxins | Toxic proteins secreted by living pathogenic bacteria. |
| Endotoxins | Lipopolysaccharide components released only when Gram-negative bacterial cell walls break down upon death. |
| Bioremediation | The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or wate |
| Primary Endosymbiosis | Mitochondria and plastids evolved when eukaryotic ancestors engulfed aerobic proteobacteria or cyanobacteria. |
| Secondary Endosymbiosis | Occurred when heterotrophic eukaryotes engulfed photosynthetic red or green algae. |
| Diplomonads | Excavates containing reduced mitochondria called mitosomes, two equal-sized nuclei, and multiple flagella. |
| Parabasalids | Excavates containing reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate energy anaerobically. |
| Obligate Aerobes | Require O_2 for cellular respiration. |
| Obligate Anaerobes | Poisoned by O_2; rely on fermentation or anaerobic respiration (using alternative electron acceptors like NO_3 or SO_4. |
| Facultative Anaerobes | Use O_2 when present, but can switch to fermentation or anaerobic respiration in its absence. |
| Heterocysts | Specialized cells in photosynthetic lineages (Anabaena) that carry out nitrogen fixation while isolated from oxygen generated by neighboring cells. |
| Chlamydias | Obligate intracellular parasites of animal cells. |
| Proteobacteria | Diverse clade of Gram-negative bacteria divided into five sub-lineages (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon). |
| Spirochetes | Helical chemoheterotrophs; move using internal axial filaments (e.g., Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi). |
| Cyanobacteria | Photoautotrophs generating oxygen via plant-like photosynthesis; origins of plant chloroplasts via endosymbiosis. |
| Kinetoplastids | Have a single large mitochondrion containing a mass of DNA called a kinetoplast. Includes Trypanosoma, which causes sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease, evading the immune system via a "bait-and-switch" surface-protein changing defense. |
| Diatoms | Unicellular algae enclosed in a unique two-piece glass-like wall of silicon dioxide. Major aquatic producers whose dead bodies sink and trap carbon on the ocean floor. |
| Brown Algae | Largest, most complex multicellular algae (seaweeds and giant kelps). Feature plant-like adaptations: holdfast (rootlike), stipe (stemlike), and blades (leaflike). Many exhibit alternation of generations. |
| Dinoflagellates | Alveolates reinforced by cellulose plates with two flagella, capable of causing toxic red tides. |
| Apicomplexans | Animal parasites with an apical complex for host entry, such as Plasmodium causing malaria. |
| Foraminiferans (Forams) | Rhizarians with porous calcium carbonate shells called tests used to date rocks. |
| Charophytes | The algal clade most closely related to land plants. |
| Amoebozoans | Unikonts featuring lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia (e.g., tubulinids, slime molds, entamoebas). |
| Sporopollenin | A durable polymer layer preventing exposed zygotes and plant spores from drying out. |
| Apical Meristems | Localized regions of cell division at root and shoot tips allowing continuous elongation in plants. |
| Protonema | A green, threadlike, single-cell-thick filament network formed by germinating moss spores. |
| Alternation of Generations | A plant life cycle alternating between multicellular haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes. |
| Archegonia | Female gametangia that produce a single, non-motile egg. |
| Antheridia | Male gametangia that produce many flagellated sperm. |
| Xylem | Vascular tissue containing tracheids strengthened by lignin that transports water and minerals. |
| Phloem | Vascular tissue consisting of living cells arranged in tubes that transport organic nutrients. |
| Microphylls | Leaves with a single, unbranched vascular strand found only in lycophytes. |
| Megaphylls | Leaves with a highly branched vascular system found in monilophytes and seed plants. |
| Heterospory | The production of two spore types: megaspores (female) and microspores (male). |
| Ovule | Consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integument layers of sporophyte tissue. |
| Pollen Grain | Microspores developing into male gametophytes protected by sporopollenin. |
| Double Fertilization | Angiosperm process where one sperm fertilizes the egg to form a zygote and another fuses with polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm. |
| Monocots | Angiosperms with one cotyledon, parallel leaf venation, and floral parts in multiples of three. |
| Eudicots | Angiosperms with two cotyledons, net-like leaf venation, and floral parts in multiples of four or five. |
| Hyphae | A network of tiny fungal filaments with tubular cell walls strengthened by chitin. |
| Coenocytic Hyphae | Fungal hyphae lacking septa, consisting of a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds of nuclei. |
| Plasmogamy | The fusion of cytoplasms of two parent fungal mycelia during sexual reproduction. |
| Karyogamy | The fusion of two haploid fungal nuclei producing a diploid zygote. |
| Lichens | Symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner like green algae or cyanobacteria. |
| Cleavage | Rapid mitotic division of an animal zygote without cell growth, leading to a blastula. |
| Gastrulation | The folding of embryonic tissue inward to form tissue layers and an archenteron, producing a gastrula |
| Hox Genes | A conserved family of regulatory homeobox-containing genes controlling animal body development. |
| Diploblastic | Animals possessing two embryonic germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm. |
| Triploblastic | Animals possessing all three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. |
| Coelom | A fluid- or air-filled body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm. |
| Choanocytes | Flagellated collar cells lining the sponge spongocoel that create water currents and engulf food. |
| Amoebocytes | Mobile totipotent sponge cells moving through the mesohyl to transport nutrients and form skeletal fibers. |
| Nematocysts | Specialized stinging cnidae inside cnidocytes that inject poison via a barbed thread. |
| Protonephridia | Excretory apparatus in flatworms featuring ciliated flame bulbs to maintain osmotic balance. |
| Radula | A straplike scraping organ used by many molluscs to feed. |
| Ecdysis | The process of shedding a tough outer cuticle or exoskeleton during growth in ecdysozoans. |
| Four Derived Chordate Characters | Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, and a muscular post-anal tail. |
| Neural Crest | A temporary group of embryonic vertebrate cells that migrate to form skull bones, teeth, and neurons. |
| Gnathostomes | Vertebrates that possess hinged jaws evolved from anterior skeletal gill arches |
| Amniotic Egg | Terrestrial amniote egg containing four extraembryonic membranes: amnion, allantois, chorion, and yolk sac. |
| Monotremes | Egg-laying mammals found in Australia and New Guinea, such as the platypus. |
| Marsupials | Mammals that give birth to underdeveloped young that complete development inside a maternal pouch. |
| Eutherians | Placental mammals possessing complex placentas providing long-lasting intrauterine nutrition. |
| Gram Positive Bacteria | Staphylococcus aureus: MRSA |
| Gram Positive Bacteria | Streptococcus pneumoniae: Meningitis |
| Gram Positive Bacteria | Streptococcus pyogenes: Strep Throat and scarlet fever |
| Gram Positive Bacteria | Bacillus anthracis: anthrax |
| Gram Positive Bacteria | Clostridium tetani: tetanus |
| Gram Positive Bacteria | Clostridium botulinum: botulism |
| Gram Positive Bacteria | Listeria monocytogenes: listeriosis |
| Gram Positive Bacteria | Corynebacterium diphtheriae: diptheria |
| Gram Negative | Escherichia coli (E. coli) |
| Gram Negative | Salmonella |
| Gram Negative | Pseudomonas aeruginosa: |
| Gram Negative | Vibrio cholerae |
| Gram Negative | Klebsiella pneumoniae: |
| Gram Negative | Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| Sedentaria | Less mobile worms including tube dwellers (e.g., Christmas tree worms), leeches (bloodsuckers secreting the anticoagulant hirudin), and earthworms (hermaphroditic soil aerators with segmentally repeated metanephridia) |
| Errantia | Mostly mobile marine worms featuring paddle-like parapodia with chitinous bristles called chaetae. |
| Mammals | Mammary Glands |
| Tubulinids | Free-living heterotrophs in soil and water (e.g., Amoeba proteus). |
| Plasmodial Slime Molds | Plasmodial Slime Molds: Brightly colored feeding masses (plasmodia) consisting of a single multinucleate supercell formed by nuclear division without cytokinesis. |
| Cellular Slime Molds | Solitary feeding cells that aggregate into a slug-like unit when food is scarce to form asexual fruiting bodies (e.g., Dictyostelium discoideum). |
| Entamoebas | Parasitic species; Entamoeba histolytica causes pathogenic amoebic dysentery. |
| Opisthokonts | Includes nucleariids (closely related to fungi), choanoflagellates (closely related to animals), as well as animals and fungi. |
| Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes) | Hepatophyta (Liverworts), Bryophyta (Mosses), Anthocerophyta (Hornworts) - Absent Vascular system and no seeds |
| Seedless Vascular Plants | Lycophyta (Lycophytes), Monilophyta (Ferns, Horsetails, Whisk Ferns)- Present Vascular system |
| Gymnosperms (Seed Plants) | Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferophyta; Present Vascular System and "Naked seeds" |
| Angiosperms (Seed Plants) | Anthophyta (Flowering plants); Present Vascular System and Enclosed Seeds |
| Anchorage | Anchored by rhizoids (long tubular single cells in liverworts/hornworts, or cellular filaments in mosses). |
| Phylum Hepatophyta AKA Liverworts | Gametophytes are thalloid (flattened, e.g., Marchantia) or leafy. Sporophytes have very short setae with round sporangia. Lacks stomata entirely. |
| Phylum Anthocerophyta AKA Hornworts | Sporophyte lacks a seta; consists only of a long, horn-shaped sporangium that splits open from the tip. Possesses stomata. Frequently forms symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. |
| Phylum Bryophyta AKA Mosses | Gametophytes typically short carpet-forming plants (though Polytrichum can reach 60 cm due to simple conducting tissues). Possesses stomata. Asexual reproduction via brood bodies (small detachable plantlets). |
| Sori: | Clusters of sporangia on the underside of fern sporophylls. |
| Strobili | Cone-like clusters of sporophylls in many lycophytes and gymnosperms. |
| Phylum Lycophyta (Lycophytes) | Includes club mosses, spikemosses, and quillworts. Possess microphylls. Roots branch only at the growing tip. Historical giant lycophyte trees dominated Carboniferous swamps. Spikemosses and quillworts are heterosporous; club mosses are homosporous. |
| Phylum Monilophyta (Monilophytes) | Includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns. Sister group to seed plants; both possess megaphylls and roots that branch at arbitrary points. |
| Ferns | Most widespread group (>12,000 species); feature large fronds with coiled tips called fiddleheads. Mostly homosporous. |
| Horsetails (Equisetum) | Jointed stems containing silica, rings of microphyll-like reduced leaves, large air canals. Homosporous. |
| Whisk Ferns (Psilotum) & Tmesipteris | Lack true roots and true leaves due to evolutionary secondary loss; feature dichotomously branching green stems with fused yellow sporangia trios. |
| Seta | Elevates the capsule to assist spore dispersal via wind. |
| Peristome | Ring of tooth-like structures on top of moss capsules. Opens under dry conditions to release spores gradually and closes when moist. |
| Phylum Cycadophyta | Characterized by large cones and palm-like leaves; retain primitive flagellated sperm. |
| Phylum Ginkgophyta | Represented by a single surviving species (Ginkgo biloba); features fan-like leaves and flagellated sperm. |
| Phylum Gnetophyta | Comprises three distinct genera (Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia) grouped via molecular data. |
| Phylum Coniferophyta | The largest gymnosperm phylum; includes evergreen trees like pines, firs, sequoias, and larches. |
| Sepals | Green outer leaves that enclose and protect the unopened bud. |
| Petals: | Brightly colored leaves designed to attract animal pollinators |
| Stamens | Microsporophylls that produce microspores; made of a stalk (filament) and an anther containing pollen sacs. |
| Carpels | Megasporophylls that enclose seeds; consist of a sticky stigma (receives pollen), a style, and an ovary containing one or more ovules. |
| Monocots | Plants with one cotyledon, parallel leaf venation, scattered stem vascular tissue, fibrous roots, and floral parts in multiples of three. |
| Eudicots | Plants with two cotyledons, net-like leaf venation, ringed stem vascular tissue, taproots, and floral parts in multiples of four or five. |
| Septate Hyphae: | Divided into cells by cross-walls (septa) containing pores large enough for organelles and nuclei to pass through. |
| Mycelium | An interwoven mass of hyphae that infiltrates feeding substrates, maximizing surface-to-volume ratio for efficient nutrient absorption. |
| Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: | Form sheaths of hyphae over the root surface and grow into extracellular spaces of the root cortex. |
| Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: | Extend arbuscules through root cell walls and invaginate the root cell plasma membrane. |
| Dikaryon | A condition where haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell ($n + n$) and divide in tandem without fusing immediately. |
| Deuteromycetes | An informal group for fungi lacking a known sexual stage. |
| Cryptomycetes | Unicellular; found in aquatic/soil habitats; possess flagellated spores and chitinous cell walls. |
| Microsporidians | Unicellular, obligate parasites of animals/protists; lack flagellated spores; infect host cells via a unique harpoon-like organelle; extremely reduced genomes and mitochondria. |
| Chytrids | Ubiquitous in lakes and soil; contain chitinous cell walls; possess flagellated spores (zoospores) |
| Zoopagomycetes | Filamentous parasites or commensals; produce nonflagellated spores; form a thick-walled zygosporangium during sexual reproduction |
| Mucoromycetes | Fast-growing molds (e.g., Rhizopus stolonifer), plant pathogens, and decomposers; include glomeromycetes which form arbuscular mycorrhizae; form resistant zygosporangia containing multiple diploid nuclei during sexual cycles. |
| Ascomycetes | Sac fungi; produce sexual spores (ascospores) inside saclike asci contained within fruiting bodies called ascocarps; reproduce asexually via non-sporangial spores called conidia. |
| Basidiomycetes | Club fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi); defined by the basidium, a club-shaped cell where karyogamy and meiosis occur; feature an extended dikaryotic stage and fruiting bodies named basidiocarps. |
| Protosome Development | 1. Spiral Cleavage: Cells divide at oblique angles. 2. Determinate Fate: Cell destinies are fixed early. 3. Blastula: Cells form a hollow sphere. 4. Gastrula: Cells fold inward, forming germ layers and a blastopore. 5. Blastopore: The gastrula's first |
| Endophytes | Symbiotic fungi (mostly ascomycetes) living inside plant leaves or stems without causing harm; secrete toxins to deter herbivores and protect against pathogens. |
| Blastopore | opening |
| archmteron | internal pouch |
| choanoflagellates | closest living relatives to the animal kingdom. |
| Neoproterozoic Era | Dominated by the Ediacaran biota (soft-bodied multicellular eukaryotes) and early evidence of predation (e.g., bore holes in Cloudina). |
| Paleozoic Era (541–252 Million Years Ago | Cambrian Explosion (535–525 mya), Rapid diversification yielding oldest fossils of about half of all extant animal phyla, including hard-shelled bilaterians.Colonization of land by arthropods (~450 mya) and tetrapod vertebrates (~365 mya). |
| Mesozoic Era (252–66 Million Years Ago) | Coral reefs emerged; dinosaurs became dominant terrestrial vertebrates; first mammals appeared; flight evolved in pterosaurs and birds. |
| Cenozoic Era (66 Million Years Ago–Present) | Mass extinction of nonflying dinosaurs and marine reptiles opened ecological niches for adaptive radiation of large mammals. |
| Ectoderm | Outer germ layer covering the embryo's surface; forms outer covering and central nervous system. |
| Endoderm | Innermost germ layer; lines the archenteron, giving rise to digestive tract lining and internal organs. |
| Mesoderm | Intermediate layer in bilaterally symmetrical animals; forms muscles and most internal organs. |
| Metazoac | Animals form a single monophyletic clade |
| Phylum Porifera - Sponges | represent the earliest-diverging branch of Metazoa. They lack true tissues and exhibit simple body organization compared to all other animal groups. basal animals |
| Eumetazoa | clade of animals with true tissues; Basal eumetazoans include Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones) and Phylum Ctenophore; radial symmetry; diploblastic |
| Bilateria | bilateral symmetry and three germ layers ; Cambrian explosion; subdivided into three major clades: Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, and Lophotrochozoa. |
| Deuterostormia | Hemichordates, echinoderms, and chordates; defined primarily by molecular ties and shared embryonic developmental patterns (e.g., radial cleavage, blastopore becoming anus). Chordata, Echinodermata, Hemichordata |
| Ecdysozoa | Invertebrates that secrete external skeletons (exoskeletons or cuticles); grow by shedding old coverings through a process called ecdysis (molting). Nematoda (roundworms), Arthropoda (insects, crustaceans, spiders) |
| Lophotrochozoa | Invertebrates identified via molecular data; some develop a crown of ciliated tentacles for feeding (lophophore), while others go through a distinct larval stage (trochophore larva).Mollusca, Annelida, Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Brachiopoda |
| What term describes an early-diverging lineage that originates near the root of a phylogenetic tree, which applies to sponges? | Basal |
| What structural feature do sponges notably lack compared to almost all other animal lineages? | True tissues |
| What ecological term describes the sedentary, attached nature of adult sponges? | Sessile |
| What is the primary feeding mechanism of sponges? | Filter feeding (Accept: Suspension feeding) |
| What is the name of the large central cavity in a sponge into which water is drawn? | Spongocoel |
| Through what large opening does water exit a sponge's body? | Osculum |
| What flagellated cells line the spongocoel to generate water currents and capture food? | Choanocytes (Accept: Collar cells) |
| Choanocytes share strong structural similarities with which protistan sister group to animals? | Choanoflagellates |
| What cellular process do choanocytes use to engulf trapped food particles? | Phagocytosis |
| What mobile cells use pseudopodia to transport nutrients and produce skeletal fibers in a sponge? | Amoebocytes |
| What is the name of the gelatinous matrix found between the two cell layers of a sponge? | Mesohyl |
| What term describes the ability of amoebocytes to differentiate into any other type of sponge cell? | Totipotent |
| What sharp, structural support elements in sponges are made of calcium carbonate or silica? | Spicules |
| What flexible protein fibers provide structural support to some sponge skeletons? | Spongin |
| What sponge-derived compound is known to kill cancer cells and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus strains? | Cribrostatin |
| What reproductive term describes an organism that functions first as one sex and then as the other? | Sequential hermaphrodite |
| What life stage allows sessile sponges to disperse to new substrates? | Flagellated larva (Accept: Swimming larva) |
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BIGBALLJAMES
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