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Biology Vocab 1
BiomoleculesCellular Structures & Function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Biomolecules | An organic compound produced by a living cell or organism that is essential for life (4 main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) |
| Carbohydrate | Sugars and starches that give cells quick energy and structural support. (Monomer: Monosaccharide, Polymer: Polysaccharide) Ex: Bread, pasta, grains (rice) |
| Lipid | Fats and oils that store long-term energy and form cell membranes. (Fatty acids, can be saturated or unsaturated) Ex: Butter, Olive oil, triglyceride, phospholipid |
| Protein | Chains of amino acids that build tissues, transport nutrients, and act as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions. (Monomer: amino acid, Polymer: Polypeptide/peptide) Ex: red meat, chicken, tofu |
| Nucleic acids | DNA and RNA molecules that store or pass on genetic information (code). (Monomer: nucleotide) Ex: ATP, DNA |
| nucleotide | Monomer of nucleic acids that is made of a sugar, phosphate, group, and nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) |
| Reactants | Chemicals that participate in a chemical reaction |
| Products | Substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction |
| Enzyme | Protein that catalyzes (speeds up) the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction. Function best in certain temperatures and pH. Ex: amylase, catalase |
| Activation energy | Energy chemicals need to begin a reaction |
| Substrate | Molecule that attaches to an enzyme's active site. Are very specific to the enzyme like a lock and key. |
| Active Site | Where the substrate bonds to the enzyme |
| Enzyme-Substate Complex | Formed when the enzyme and substate bond together |
| Cell Theory | Made of 3 requirements: 1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of life 3. Cells come from pre-existing cells |
| Eukaryotic cells | Contain a nucleus and complex membrane bound organelles. Ex: plants, animals |
| Prokaryotic cells | Do NOT have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles. |
| Organelles | Little organs |
| Nucleus | Large central organelle that stores and protects the DNA (genetic code). Is found in all eukaryotic cells |
| Nuclear Envelope | Membrane that protects the nucleus and allows substances to pass in or out of the nucleus through nuclear pores (holes). In all eukaryotic cells |
| Nucleolus | Structure inside the nucleus made up of RNA and proteins. It makes ribosomes. In all eukaryotic cells |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A tunnel-like network of membranes. Has two parts: 1. Rough ER 2. Smooth ER |
| Rough ER | Has ribosomes attached to it that make proteins. It then helps transport those proteins anywhere in the cell. In all eukaryotic cells |
| Smooth ER | Does NOT have ribosomes attached to it. It helps make lipids and stores them for future use. In all eukaryotic cells |
| Golgi Apparatus/Body | Acts like a post office by packaging proteins in vesicles and delivering them to other parts of the cell. In all eukaryotic cells |
| Vesicle | Small membrane bound sac that transport various substances in or out of the cell. In all eukaryotic cells |
| Lysosome | Vesicle containing powerful digestive enzymes that help break down old cell parts and fight off invading pathogens. In all eukaryotic cells |
| Peroxisome | Vesicle contain hydrogen peroxide |
| Mitochondria | A double membrane bound organelle that has its own DNA, and makes energy for the cell (ATP). The "Powerhouse" of the cell. In all eukaryotic cells |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of protein fibers that help maintain cell shape, support, and help with cell division in the cell. |
| Microtubules | Small tube-like structures that help move proteins and vesicles throughout the cell. In all eukaryotic cells |
| Centrioles | "Churro" looking organelles made of microtubules that help with cell division. ONLY in animal cells |
| Vacuoles | Multiple small organelles that store waste and help with cellular digestion in animal cells ONLY. |
| Central Vacuole | One large central organelle that stores water and nutrients in plant cells ONLY. |
| Chloroplasts | Organelles with light-absorbing pigments that harvest energy from the sun to create food using photosynthesis. ONLY in plant cells |
| Cell Wall | Structure that protects the cell and maintains homeostasis. ONLY in plant cells and prokaryotes |
| Nucleoid | Circular DNA found in prokaryotes |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | Theory that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells that ingested other prokaryotes. |
| Cell Membrane | Protects cells and allows things in or out of the cell. Can be found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
| Ribosomes | Protein making factories Can be found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
| Cytoplasm | Water-based substance inside the cell that the organelles are suspended in. Can be found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
| Stem Cells | Cells without a "job" or function. All cells start out as this type of cell. |
| Cell Differentiation | When a stem cell becomes specialized (get's a job) |
Created by:
kmondragon
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