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Atoms and bonding
study guide chapter one test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| protons | found in the nucleus, have a positive electrical charge |
| neutrons | found in the nucleus, have no electrical charge |
| electrons | found orbiting the nucleus, have a negative electrical charge |
| all matter in the universe is made up of tiny particles called ______ | atoms |
| The behavior of atoms is _____ main focus | chemistry's |
| protons and neutrons stay close together in the middle of an atom, in an area called the ______ | nucleus |
| electrons fly around the nucleus in one of the atom's ________, sometimes called ______ | energy levels; shells |
| how many electrons can go into the first level | only 2 |
| The other shells can hold ___ electrons each | 8 |
| the top level or shell in an atom is called its _______ | valence shell |
| what are the electrons in the valence shell called | valence electrons/valence number |
| each different kind of atom is known as an? | element |
| tells you how many protons are in the nuclei of this element's atoms | atomic number |
| for a neutral/uncharged atom, the atomic number also tells you how many ______ there are | electrons |
| one to three letters which are used to abbreviate the elements full name is known as a? | the element's symbol |
| tells you the average number of particles in a nucleus of the element | atomic mass |
| nucleus contains both _______ and ________ | protons and neutrons |
| although the number of protons for an element is always the _____ the number of _____ can vary from atom to atom | same; neutrons |
| the atomic number is always a _____ number but the atomic mass of an element shows a ________ because it is an average of other numbers | whole; decimal point |
| the way of listing the energy levels of every electron in an atom | electron configuration |
| elements that are in the same column have similar ______ properties | chemical |
| all the elements in a single column will probably undergo similar chemical reactions | similar chemical properties |
| each column on the periodic table is referred to as a ____ | group |
| the ________ elements all reside in the "skinny" bottom section and in columns 3-12 of the table | transition |
| the most important thing you can learn about an element from its position on the periodic table is its? | valence number |
| an atom's number of valence electrons is the most important thing for determining? | how it will react with other atoms |
| some groups are very reactive, which means? | they will start a chemical reaction with almost anything |
| why would a specific group be very reactive? | because their atoms are so close to having a full valence shell |
| which group doesn't take part in chemical reactions and why? | the noble gases because they already have full valence shells |
| what do metals have in common? | they are good conductors of heat and electricity and they are shiny and grayish or silvery in color |
| most elements are _____ | metallic |
| nonmetals are on the _____ of the periodic table | right |
| metals are on the ______ of the periodic table | left |
| the only exception in location is ____ which is a nonmetal despite its location | hydrogen |
| elements along the boundary line (staircase) on either side are sometimes called? | semi-metals or metalloids |
| metals and nonmetals form __________ differently | chemical bonds |
| when an atom has missing or extra electrons we call it an ____ | ion |
| since ion's positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons aren't balanced out, ions always have? | an electrical charge |
| _____ of an element still have different numbers of particles in them and their masses are different too | isotopes |
| an atom where the number of electrons doesn't equal the number of protons. always have an electrical charge | ion |
| a version of an element with a specific number of neutrons and a specific mass. all of a given element have the same number of protons | isotopes |
| the ions of an element can behave very ______ | differently |
| what is the biggest difference between the isotopes of an element? | certain isotopes might be unstable and if you wait a while they might give of some radiation and turn into different atoms |
| unstable isotopes are said to be _______ | radioactive |
| some radioactive atoms even decay into atoms of different _______ | elements |
| ex. lead-185 decays by releasing two protons and two neutrons in a clump called an ______ particle, changing the lead into a mercury atom | alpha |
| determines which element the atom is | number of protons |
| determines which isotope of that element it is. It might be radioactive! | number of neutrons |
| determines which ion of that element/isotope it is. And what it reacts with. | number of electrons |
| the number in the upper left corner is the atom's ________ which tells you the total number of protons and neutrons in the atoms nucleus | mass number |
| in the mass number, since protons and neutrons have almost exactly the same mass, this basically tells you how ____ the atom is | heavy |
| the mass number also tells you which _____ you're dealing with | Isotope |
| _____charges indicated missing electrons and _____ charges indicated extra/gained electrons | positive; negative |
| what are other ways to write about a specific isotope without a chemical formula? | by writing the name or symbol of the element followed by a dash and its mass number. This style is best used only for electrically neutral atoms. |
| the atomic number of the given element is the number of? | protons |
| the difference between the mass number and atomic number is the number of? | neutrons |
| the number of _______ in a neutral atom equals the atomic number | electrons |
| for the number of electrons in an ____, just subtract the ion's charge | ion |
| in the electron formula you must ______ the charge even when the charge is negative | subtract |
| negative ions have _____ electrons and positive ions have ______ electrons | extra; missing |
| when you want to find the number of neutrons in an atom, you need to know its? | mass number |
| what is the most stable arrangement of electrons for an atom? | when the atom's valence shell is full |
| an atoms become stable when? | the first level is full with 2 electrons and the second is full with 8 valence electrons (if it has 2 shells) |
| what are the two main ways an atom can fill its valence shell | by donating electrons or accepting donated electrons to/from other atoms and sharing electrons with other atoms |
| what is a chemical bond? | the atoms involved end up very close to each other and become hard to separate |
| what happens once the atoms bond? | they form a new substance with different physical and chemical properties than they had before. |
| any substance with two or more elements chemically bonded together is called a? | compound |
| when atoms gain or lose electrons they become charged and they are called? | ions |
| the attraction of atoms which have gained or lost electrons is called? | an ionic bond |
| ionic bond usually form between? | a metal and non-metal |
| what are the main rules of ionic bonding? | an ionic bond must be between a metal and a nonmetal. the charges on all ionic bonds must add up to zero. they will always have the electronegativity charge of 1.5 or greater. the metal will lose electrons and the nonmetal will gain electrons |
| covalent bonds don't transfer, they _____ | share |
| the cluster of atoms in a covalent bond are referred to as a _______ as long as they are electrically neutral. | molecule |
| if the group of atoms has an overall charge like an ion, it is referred to as a ________ | polyatomic ion |
| covalent bonds form between? | two non-metals |
| what can chemical formulas also describe? | the chemical makeup of bonded atoms. |
| because the atoms are bonded together, they can be grouped into? | clusters called units and described with a formula |
| shows the charge of a polyatomic ion (applies the entire unit not just the last stom) | superscript |
| if the charge is 0, it means you're looking at a _____ compound instead of a polyatomic ion | neutral |
| written after the symbol for each element tell you how many atoms of the element are found in the unit | subscripts |
| the number that tells how many units are present | coefficient |
| _______ group together certain atoms into a smaller unit, usually a polyatomic ion | parenthesis |
| every capital letter of a chemical compound/formula is the beginning of? | a new element's symbol |
| how low something is on the P.H. scale determines whether it is an | acid or not |
| P.H | potential of hydrogen |
| a base is the absence of _____ | hydrogen |
| hydrogen is what makes things _____ | acidic |
| energy and mass is not ever destroyed, it is only _______ | transferred |
| orbits always start with s and s always has ____ electrons | 2 |
| anionic bonds cannot exist unless? | one element loses an electron and one gains an electron |
| what are the two basic types of bonds? | covalent and ionic |
| what is the goal of covalent bonds? | to become stable |
| how are covalent bonds held together? | by energy levels overlapping |
| why can oxygen not be an ionic bond? | because there is no electronegativity difference |
| 02 is not an atom, it is a _____ | molecule |
| water is a pure _________ | covalent molecule |
| what is a polarity? | a charge, positive or negative |
Created by:
Emmalyn Cruse
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