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Take-home terms-biol
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| abnormal | no longer in the normal state |
| Alcohol abuse | Excessive harmful consumption of alcohol |
| Adrenal gland | endocrine glands produce hormones that regulate stress response, metabolism and blood pressure. On top of kidneys-also known as supra- renal glands. |
| anatomy | The structure and the parts of a living thing, including organs, tissues, and cells. |
| appendix | A small organ attached to caecum that plays a role in immune function. |
| atoms | The basic building blocks containing a nucleus with protons and neutrons which is surrounded by electrons. |
| bacteria | single-celled organisms both harmful and helpful dependant on location and function. |
| Urinary bladder | A muscular sac that stores urine |
| bleeding | blood loss due to injury, trauma, or abnormalities |
| Blood clotting | AKA coagulation, The process where blood coagulates to prevent excessive bleeding. |
| Blood vessels | Tubular structures (arteries, veins and capillaries) that carry blood throughout the body |
| Brain | The complex organ which controls most bodily functions, responses to sensory information and cognitive processes. |
| Bronchi | from the trachea to the lungs used for air movement |
| Cardiovascular system | AKA circulatory system. An organ and vessel network used for transporting gases and nutrients |
| cardiovascular | Heart and blood vessels combined function for transport of products. |
| Dental cavities | AKA dental caries/tooth decay, Permanent damage developing initially on the enamel due to bacteria. |
| cellular | relating to or being about cells |
| coma | A deep unconsciousness unresponsive state |
| Connective tissue | Tissue that connect to organs or other tissues. |
| chemotherapy | A medical treatment method to kill, slow down the growth of cancer cells |
| confusion | mental disorientation, uncertainty, or inability to think clearly or coherently |
| control | The process of regulating a homeostatic function in response to stimuli using feedback |
| Core temperature | central body temperature (chest and abdomen) |
| debris | broken down material e.g. dead blood cells. |
| Cutaneous nerve receptors | Nerve endings located within the skin that detect various sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. |
| Degenerative | Referring to conditions or diseases characterized by the progressive deterioration or breakdown of tissues, organs, or bodily functions over time, often associated with aging or chronic wear and tear. |
| dentate | having teeth |
| diaphragm | A muscle that contracts during inhalation and relaxes during exhalation. |
| digestion | process involving the mechanical and chemical food breakdown |
| disease | A disorder or condition characterized by abnormal functioning of one or more bodily systems, often associated with specific signs, symptoms, or pathological changes, and typically caused by genetic, environmental, or infectious factors. |
| Drug interaction | When medicines interaction with each other, changing the intended effects on the body. |
| edentulous | lacking teeth |
| effector | A muscle or gland that responds to regulator system action |
| electrolytes | Chemical substances (dissolved in fluid) that are required to regulate fluid balance, nerve function, muscle contraction etc |
| Endocrine gland | Hormone secreting glands |
| Epithelial tissue | Tissue on body surfaces including skin, cavities and organs and glands. Common function include secretion, protection and absorption |
| oesophagus | The connection between the pharynx and stomach uses muscular contractions to move food. |
| evaporation | The process where a change of state occurs from liquid to gas. |
| faintness | Feeling of light headedness dizziness or weakness to a temporary loss of consciousness |
| Flushed skin | Skin reddening often with a heat sensation from dilated blood vessels |
| gallbladder | A small organ that stores bile and releases it into the small intestine for assist in digestion especially fats. |
| Genetic conditions | Disorders or diseases due to a person's genetic materials |
| growth | The process of increasing in size, mass, or complexity, typically involving cell division, differentiation, and tissue formation. |
| Gum disease | AKA periodontal disease and gingivitis. Gum inflammations and infections |
| halitosis | Chronic or persistent bad breath |
| heart | The muscular organ that pumps blood |
| Heat stroke | Dangerously elevated body temperature |
| hygiene | Practices to maintaining cleanliness |
| homeostasis | Regulator mechanisms that adjust to maintain internal balance (pH, temperature, fluid etc) by adjusting processes |
| hyperthermia | Abnormally high body temperature generally due to heat exposure |
| hypothalamus | A region in brain responsible for regulating some physiological processes; body temperature, hunger, etc |
| hypothermia | Abnormally low body temperature due to prolonged exposure to cold temperatures |
| iatrogenic | Relating to illnesses, injuries, or adverse effects that occur as a result of medical treatment, intervention, or error, rather than from the underlying disease or condition. |
| imbalance | A disruption from the normal homeostatic state within the body |
| Immune response | The body's response to foreign substances e.g. pathogens |
| indigestible | substances that the body cannot break down or digest. |
| Infective endocarditis | An inner lining heart chambers or valves infection |
| injury | Physical damage or harm inflicted on the body as a result of accidents, trauma, or external forces, which can range from minor cuts and bruises to severe fractures or life-threatening injuries. |
| integumentary | Outer covering e.g skin hair, nails and associated glands. |
| kidney | organs for filtering waste products from the blood to form urine, regulates electrolyte balance, pH balance, fluid balance and controls blood pressure. Involved with RBC production |
| Large intestine | AKA colon, end section of the gastrointestinal tract which absorbing water, electrolytes, and vitamins and waste product elimination |
| larynx | AKA voice box, has vocal cords, cartilage structure located at the top of the trachea, containing the vocal cords and cartilage structures that play a crucial role in speech production. |
| liver | Organ for vital functions such as detoxification of blood, nutrient metabolism protein synthesis and bile production. |
| lungs | respiratory system organs used for gas exchange of air to the blood. |
| Lymph nodes | structures that filter lymph fluid to trap pathogens and toxins etc. |
| Lymphatic system | A network used for maintaining fluid balance, immune function, and the fat absorption within the digestive system. |
| Lymphatic vessels | Thin-walled lymph fluid carrying vessels containing white blood cells |
| lymphocytes | A white blood cell that functions in immune responses both antibody production and pathogen destruction. |
| malnutrition | A condition characterized by inadequate or excessive intake of nutrients, leading to imbalances in energy, protein, and/or vitamin and mineral intake, which can result in adverse health effects and impaired growth and development. |
| Mammary glands | Glandular organs responsible for producing and lactating milk for a baby |
| Medical error | A mistake, oversight, or failure in a medical provision |
| medication | A medicine used for the prevention, treatment, or management of medical issues. |
| metabolism | conversion of food into energy and molecule synthesis to maintain life. |
| minerals | Inorganic elements required by the body in small amounts for various physiological functions, including bone formation, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and fluid balance. Common minerals include calcium, iron, potassium, and zinc. |
| movement | A process requiring changing location, e.g. muscle contraction |
| multicellular | Many cells |
| muscle | contractile cell tissues that create movement |
| nausea | A feeling of discomfort generally in the stomach. |
| Nasal cavity | Entrance to the respiratory system that filters, warms, adds moisture to to. Starts just behind the nose. |
| negligence | Within defined duties the failure to exercise reasonable care, skill, or diligence causing harm |
| nervous | A complex nerve and cell network used to transmit signals to and from the brain |
| Nitrogenous waste | nitrogen containing waste products |
| Non-penetrating | Referring to injuries or trauma that do not break through the skin or penetrate deeper tissues, such as contusions, bruises, or superficial abrasions. |
| Nutrient absorption | The process where nutrients are absorbed from the digestive tract to the blood stream |
| nutrients | Essential components for growth, development, and health maintenance |
| Nutritional factors | Substances present in food that play a crucial role in maintaining health and preventing disease, including macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals). |
| offspring | progeny/child of an organism |
| Oral cavity | The mouth; lips, tongue, teeth, gums, and salivary glands. |
| Oral health | The well-being of the oral cavity; teeth, gums, tongue etc. |
| Organ system | A group of organs that collectively perform a function. Cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems are all organ systems. |
| ovary | The female gonad responsible for producing eggs (ova), oestrogen and menstruation regulating hormones |
| overdose | Intentional or accidental ingestion, inhalation or absorption of excess quantities of a drug or other substance. |
| oxytocin | A hormone produced that assists in various physiological processes, including childbirth, lactation, and social bonding. |
| pancreas | A glandular organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones to regulate blood sugar levels. |
| pathogen | An infectious disease or illness causing organism; virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite |
| pathophysiology | abnormal physiological processes due to disease or injury, including changes in structure and function. |
| penetrating | Referring to injuries or wounds that break through the skin and penetrate deeper tissues, such as puncture wounds, gunshot wounds, or stab wounds. |
| penis | The male external genital organ |
| physiology | The functions of living things and their parts |
| pharynx | AKA throat, muscular tube connects the mouth and nose to the oesophagus and larynx. |
| Pineal gland | An endocrine gland in brain that produces melatonin regulating sleep-wake rhythm |
| Pituitary gland | an endocrine gland in brain that secretes a variety of hormones |
| poisoning | ingestion/inhalation or absorption of a poison |
| Platelet plug formation | Second step of blood clotting, is where platelets plug the site of an injury to cease blood loss. |
| Positive feedback | A physiological mechanism response to a change including childbirth, clotting and immune responses. |
| Prostate gland | A male glandular organ responsible for producing and secreting prostate fluid |
| pulse | The continuous beat created by expansion and contraction of arteries from the heart pulses. |
| rupture | The sudden breaking or tearing apart of a tissue, organ, or blood vessel due to excessive force, pressure, or weakness, resulting in loss of structural integrity and potential leakage of contents. |
| rectum | The final part of the large intestine storying faeces. |
| reproduction | The biological process by which organisms produce offspring, involving the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg) to create a new individual. |
| reproductive | organ system and structures involved in reproduction |
| scrotum | The external skin pouch containing testes. |
| seizure | A sudden onset disturbance originating the brain caused by abnormal electrical activity causing changes in consciousness, or behaviour. It could also include fitting. |
| Seminal vesicles | Glandular responsible for producing and secreting seminal fluid used to maintain semen. |
| sensor | specialised cells that detect stimuli |
| skeletal | Relates to the skeleton |
| Skeletal muscle | muscle tissue attached to bones, provides voluntary movement. |
| skin | The largest organ of the human body, serving as a protective barrier between the internal organs and the external environment. Skin consists of multiple layers, including the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. |
| Small intestine | After the stomach, a long tube used for absorption of food. |
| spleen | An organ that filters blood cells and fights infections. |
| staggering | An unsteady or uncoordinated movement |
| Smooth muscle tissue | Present on walls of hollow organs and blood vessels used for contractions and involuntary movements |
| stimulus | Any change that causes a response e.g. temperature, light |
| stomach | A muscular organ that processes food by mixing gastric juices transforming it to chyme. Both chemical and mechanical digestion |
| stress | The body's physiological and psychological response to stressors |
| Surgical procedure | A physical altering or repairing to intervene on a medical condition by a surgeon. |
| sweating | Secreting sweat from sweat glands in the skin due to stimuli changes |
| testis | The male gonad that produces sperm and testosterone. |
| Thymus gland | An organ of the lymphatic system responsible for the maturation and differentiation of T cells for immune reactions. Most active ion childhood |
| Thyroid gland | An endocrine gland produces hormones regulating metabolism, growth and energy. |
| tissue | A group of similar cells that collectively function to perform a specific bodily function |
| Tonsil | Located in the pharynx, a lymphoid tissue that protects body from infections from pathogens |
| toxic | harmful substance to the body |
| Ureters | A tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
| Urinary bladder | An organ that stores urine |
| urinary system | Includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. |
| trachea | AKA windpipe, contains cartilaginous rings between the larynx used for passage of air |
| ulcers | open sores present on skin, mucous membrane or internal organs |
| Urethra | A tube that passes urine from bladder to the outside In males the tube is also used by semen ejaculation. |
| Uterine tube | AKA fallopian tube/oviduct. Connects the ovaries to the uterus in females. Site of fertilization |
| uterus | AKA womb, hollow, muscular organ that can encapsulate a developing foetus. |
| vagina | The muscular tube servicing as birth canal, passage for menstrual flow and sexual intercourse |
| vitamins | Essential organic compounds that the body requires in small amounts for various metabolic processes, growth, and development. Vitamins serve as coenzymes or precursors for enzyme activity. |
| vomiting | Stomach contents expulsion in response to infection, irritation or toxins. |
| Waste product | A production of waste from any metabolic processes |
| wastes | metabolism byproducts |
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