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Ap Biology Ch. 6
A Tour of the Cell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| light microscopes (LM) | An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens` |
| organelle | one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
| electron microscope (EM) | A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousand fold greater than that of a light microscope |
| scanning electron microscope (SEM) | A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography |
| transmission electron microscope (TEM) | A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections; primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells |
| cell fractionation | The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by cetrifugation |
| ultracentrifuge | the most powerful machines in cell fractionation used to separate the cell by rotating 130,000 revolutions per min. |
| prokaryotic cell | A type of cell laking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archea) are called prokaryotes |
| cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm |
| nucleiod | A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell |
| eukaryotic cell | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. |
| cytoplasm | The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane |
| plasma membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition |
| nuclear envelope | The membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, spearating it from the cytoplasm |
| nuclear lamina | A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus |
| chromosome | A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope |
| nucleolus | A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomesand active in the synthesis of ribosomes |
| ribosome | A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunit |
| endomembrane system | The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles |
| vesicle | A sac made of membrane inside of cells |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions |
| smooth ER | The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes |
| rough ER | The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes |
| glycoprotein | A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate |
| transport vesicle | A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell |
| Golgi apparatus | an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum |
| lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
| phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances, accomplished by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells |
| food vacuole | a membranous sac formed by phagocytosis |
| contracile vacuole | A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain cells |
| central vacuole | A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse rolls in reproduction, growth and developement |
| tonoplast | A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the vacuolar contents called cell sap; also known as the vacuolar membrane |
| mitochondira | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration |
| chloroplast | An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that abosorbs sunlight, and uses it to drive synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
| peroxisome | A microbody containing enzymes that trasfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide |
| cristae | An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP |
| mitochondiral matrix | The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle |
| plastid | One of a family of closely related plant organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts) |
| thylakoid | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy |
| granum | A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis |
| stroma | A microscopic pore surrounded by guarded cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant |
| cytoskeleton | A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions |
| microtubule | A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton |
| microfilament | A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction |
| intermediate filament | A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments |
| centrosome | Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organization center |
| centriole | A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division |
| flagellum | A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function |
| cilia | a short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed fom a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane |
| basal body | A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole |
| dynein | A large contractile protein forming the side-arms of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella |
| actin | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells |
| myosin | A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction |
| pseudopodia | A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding |
| cytoplasmic streaming | A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells |
| cell wall | protective layer external to plasma membrane in plant cells, prokaryotes, fungi + some protists.In plant cells, wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharide-protein matrix. |
| primary cell wall | A relatively thin and flexible layer fisrt secreted by a young plant cell |
| middle lamella | A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells |
| secondary cell wall | A strong a durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of proteins and polysaccharaides |
| collagen | glycoprotein in the ECM of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom |
| proteoglycan | A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, rich in carbohydrate. |
| fibronectin | A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular fibers |
| integrin | a receptor protein built into the plasma membrane that interconnects the ECM and the cytoskeleton |
| plasmodesmata | An open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell |
| tight junction | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells |
| desmosome | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as an anchor |
| gap junction | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells |
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gnomealot
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